Peptide-based body surface coloring reagents

ABSTRACT

Peptides have been identified that bind with high affinity to body surfaces, such as, hair, skin, nails, teeth, gums, and oral cavity surfaces. Diblock and triblock peptide-based body surface coloring reagents formed by coupling a body surface binding peptide to a pigment binding peptide, either directly or through a spacer, are described. The peptide-based body surface coloring reagents may be used in conjunction with pigments to color body surfaces.

This patent application is a continuation in part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/074,473, filed Mar. 8, 2005, which is acontinuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser No. 10/935,642,filed Sep. 7, 2004, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication 60/501,498, filed Sep. 8, 2003.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of personal care products. Morespecifically, the invention relates to diblock and triblockpeptide-based body surface coloring reagents comprising bodysurface-binding peptides and pigment-binding peptides that may be usedto attach pigments to body surfaces.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Colorants for body surfaces, such as hair, skin, and nails arewell-known and frequently used in personal care products. Hair coloringagents may be divided into three categories, specifically, permanent,semi-permanent or direct, and temporary. The permanent hair dyes aregenerally oxidative dyes that provide hair color that lasts about fourto six weeks. These oxidative hair dyes consist of two parts, one partcontains the oxidative dyes in addition to other ingredients, while thesecond part contains an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide. Thetwo components are mixed immediately prior to use. The oxidizing agentoxidizes the dye precursors, which then combine to form large colormolecules within the hair shaft. Although the oxidative hair dyesprovide long-lasting color, the oxidizing agents they contain cause hairdamage. The semi-permanent or direct hair dyes are preformed dyemolecules that are applied to the hair and provide color for about sixto twelve shampoos. This type of hair dye is gentler to the hair becauseit does not contain peroxides, but the hair color does not last as long.Some improved durability is achieved by the use of nanoparticle haircoloring materials with a particle size of 10 to 500 nm, as described byHensen et al. in WO 01045652. These nanoparticle hair coloring materialsare conventional direct hair dyes that are treated to obtain nanoscaledimensions and exhibit increased absorption into the hair. Temporaryhair dyes are coloring agents that are applied to the hair surface andare removed after one shampoo. It would be desirable to develop a haircoloring agent that provides the durability of the permanent hair dyeswithout the use of oxidizing agents that damage hair.

The major problem with the current skin colorants, non-oxidative hairdyes, as well as nail coloring agents is that they lack the requireddurability required for long-lasting effects. For this reason, therehave been attempts to enhance the binding of cosmetic agents to thehair, skin or nails. For example, Richardson et al. in U.S. Pat. No.5,490,980 and Green et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,957 describe thecovalent attachment of cosmetic agents, such as skin conditioners, hairconditioners, coloring agents, sunscreens, and perfumes, to hair, skin,and nails using the enzyme transglutaminase. This enzyme crosslinks anamine moiety on the cosmetic agent to the glutamine residues in skin,hair, and nails. Similarly, Green et al. in WO 0107009 describe the useof the enzyme lysine oxidase to covalently attach cosmetic agents tohair, skin, and nails.

In another approach, cosmetic agents have been covalently attached toproteins or protein hydrolysates. For example, Lang et al. in U.S. Pat.No. 5,192,332 describe temporary coloring compositions that contain ananimal or vegetable protein, or hydrolysate thereof, which containresidues of dye molecules grafted onto the protein chain. In thosecompositions, the protein serves as a conditioning agent and does notenhance the binding of the cosmetic agent to hair, skin, or nails.Horikoshi et al. in JP 08104614 and Igarashi et al. in U.S. Pat. No.5,597,386 describe hair coloring agents that consist of an anti-keratinantibody covalently attached to a dye or pigment. The antibody binds tothe hair, thereby enhancing the binding of the hair coloring agent tothe hair. Similarly, Kizawa et al. in JP 09003100 describe an antibodythat recognizes the surface layer of hair and its use to treat hair. Ahair coloring agent consisting of that anti-hair antibody coupled tocolored latex particles is also described. The use of antibodies toenhance the binding of dyes to the hair is effective in increasing thedurability of the hair coloring, but these antibodies are difficult andexpensive to produce. Terada et al. in JP 2002363026 describe the use ofconjugates consisting of single-chain antibodies, preferablyanti-keratin, coupled to dyes, ligands, and cosmetic agents for skin andhair care compositions. The single-chain antibodies may be preparedusing genetic engineering techniques, but are still difficult andexpensive to prepare because of their large size. Findlay in WO 00048558describes the use of calycin proteins, such as β-lactoglobulin, whichcontain a binding domain for a cosmetic agent and another binding domainthat binds to at least a part of the surface of a hair fiber or skinsurface, for conditioners, dyes, and perfumes. Again these proteins arelarge and difficult and expensive to produce.

Linter in U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,419 describes peptides grafted to a fattyacid chain and their use in cosmetic and dermopharmaceuticalapplications. The peptides described in that disclosure are chosenbecause they stimulate the synthesis of collagen; they are not specificbinding peptides that enhance the durability of hair and skinconditioners, and hair, nail, and skin colorants.

Peptide-based hair conditioners, hair colorants, and other benefitagents have also been developed to improve the durability of thesecompositions (Huang et al., copending and commonly owned U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2005/0050656, and U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2005/0226839). The peptide-based hair conditioners orcolorants are prepared by coupling a specific peptide sequence that hasa high binding affinity to hair with a conditioning or coloring agent,respectively. The peptide portion binds to the hair, thereby stronglyattaching the conditioning or coloring agent. Peptides with a highbinding affinity to hair have been identified using phage displayscreening techniques (Huang et al., supra; Estell et al. WO 0179479;Murray et al., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0098524;Janssen et al., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0152976;and Janssen et al., WO 04048399).

Additionally, Reisch (Chem. Eng. News 80:16-21 (2002)) reports that afamily of peptides designed to target an ingredient of specific humantissue has been developed for personal care applications. However, nodescription of peptide-based conditioners or coloring agents aredisclosed in that publication. Although these peptide-based reagentsoffer much promise in personal care applications, they generally requirecovalent coupling of the peptide to the coloring agent. The covalentcoupling chemistry may be complex and time consuming, and adds to thecost of the reagent.

In view of the above, a need exists for colorants for body surfaces,such as hair, skin, nails, and teeth that provide improved durabilityfor long lasting effects and are easy and inexpensive to prepare.

Applicants have addressed the stated need by identifying peptidesequences using phage display screening that specifically bind to bodysurfaces, such as, hair, skin, nails, teeth, gums, and oral cavitysurfaces, with high affinity and coupling them with specificpigment-binding peptides to provide diblock and triblock peptide-basedreagents that may be used in conjunction with pigments to color bodysurfaces.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides peptide-based body surface coloring reagentscomprising a body surface binding peptide and a pigment-binding peptide.These peptide-based reagents may be used in conjunction with pigments tocolor body surfaces, such as hair, skin, nails, and teeth. The bodysurface binding peptide binds strongly to the body surface and thepigment-binding peptide binds to the pigment, thereby attaching thepigment to the body surface.

Accordingly, in one embodiment the invention provides a diblockpeptide-based body surface coloring having the general structure[(BSBP)_(m)−(PBP)_(n)]_(x), wherein

-   -   a) BSBP is a body surface binding peptide;    -   b) PBP is a pigment-binding peptide; and    -   c) m, n, and x independently range from 1 to about 10.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a triblock, peptide-basedbody surface coloring reagent having the general structure[[(BSBP)_(m)−S_(q)]_(x)−[(PBP)_(n)−S_(r)]_(z)]_(y), wherein

-   -   a) BSBP is a body surface binding peptide;    -   b) PBP is a pigment-binding peptide;    -   c) S is a molecular spacer; and    -   d) m, n, x and z independently range from 1 to about 10, y is        from 1 to about 5, and where q and r are each independently 0 or        1, provided that both r and q may not be 0.

In another embodiment the invention provides aq peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent according to the invention wherein the bodysurface-binding peptide is isolated by a process comprising the stepsof:

-   -   (i) providing a library of combinatorially generated        phage-peptides;    -   (ii) contacting the library of (i) with a body surface to form a        reaction solution comprising:        -   (A) phage-peptide-body surface complex;        -   (B) unbound body surface, and        -   (C) uncomplexed peptides;    -   (iii) isolating the phage-peptide-body surface complex of (ii);    -   (iv) eluting the weakly bound peptides from the isolated peptide        complex of (iii);    -   (v) identifying the remaining bound phage-peptides either by        using the polymerase chain reaction directly with the        phage-peptide-body surface complex remaining after step (iv), or        by infecting bacterial host cells directly with the        phage-peptide-body surface complex remaining after step (iv),        growing the infected cells in a suitable growth medium, and        isolating and identifying the phage-peptides from the grown        cells.

In another embodiment the invention provides a personal care compositioncomprising an effective amount of the peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagent of the invention, comprising a body surface bindingpeptide and a pigment binding peptide.

In a similar embodiment the invention provides a method for coloring abody surface comprising:

-   -   a) providing a pigment;    -   b) providing a composition comprising a peptide-based body        surface coloring reagent according to the invention wherein the        body surface binding peptide has affinity for the body surface        and the pigment binding peptide has affinity for the pigment;        and    -   c) applying the pigment of (a) with the composition of (b) to a        body surface for a time sufficient for the peptide-based body        surface coloring reagent to bind to the pigment and the body        surface.

Additionally, the invention provides personal care compositions, such ashair coloring, hair conditioning, skin coloring, skin conditioning,cosmetic, oral care, and nail polish compositions, comprising thepeptide-based body surface coloring reagents.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES AND SEQUENCE DESCRIPTIONS

The invention can be more fully understood from the following detaileddescription, figure and the accompanying sequence descriptions, whichform a part of this application.

FIG. 1 is a plasmid map of the vector pKSIC4-HC77623, described inExamples 17-20.

The following sequences conform with 37 C.F.R. 1.821-1.825(“Requirements for Patent Applications Containing Nucleotide Sequencesand/or Amino Acid Sequence Disclosures—the Sequence Rules”) andconsistent with World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) StandardST.25 (1998) and the sequence listing requirements of the EPO and PCT(Rules 5.2 and 49.5(a-bis), and Section 208 and Annex C of theAdministrative Instructions). The symbols and format used for nucleotideand amino acid sequence data comply with the rules set forth in 37C.F.R.§1.822.

A Sequence Listing is provided herewith on Compact Disk. The contents ofthe Compact Disk containing the Sequence Listing are hereby incorporatedby reference in compliance with 37 CFR 1.52(e).

SEQ ID NO:1 is the amino acid sequence of a hair-binding peptide.

SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid sequence of a skin-binding peptide.

SEQ ID NOs:3-52, 54-59 are the amino acid sequences of hair-bindingpeptides.

SEQ ID NO:53 is the amino acid sequence of a hair-binding andnail-binding peptide.

SEQ ID NO:60 is the amino acid sequence of a nail-binding peptide.

SEQ ID NO:61 is the amino acid sequence of a skin-binding peptide.

SEQ ID NO:62 is the oligonucleotide primer used to sequence phage DNA.

SEQ ID NO:63 is the amino acid sequence of a peptide used as a controlin the ELISA binding assay, as described in Example 5.

SEQ ID NO:64 is the amino acid sequence of a cysteine-attachedhair-binding peptide.

SEQ ID NO:65 is the amino acid sequence of the Caspase 3 cleavage site.

SEQ ID NOs:66, 69, and 70 are the amino acid sequence ofshampoo-resistant hair-binding peptides.

SEQ ID NOs:67 and 68 are the nucleotide sequences of the primers used toamplify shampoo-resistant, hair-binding phage peptides, as described inExample 8.

SEQ ID NOs:71-74 are the amino acid sequences of the biotinylatedhair-binding and skin-binding peptides used Example 9.

SEQ ID NO:75 is the amino acid sequence of a hair conditioner resistanthair-binding peptide.

SEQ ID NOs:76-98 are the amino acid sequences of hair-binding peptides.

SEQ ID NOs:99-104 are the amino acid sequences of skin-binding peptides.

SEQ ID NOs:105-109 are the amino acid sequences of empirically generatedhair and skin-binding peptides.

SEQ ID NOs:110-134 are the amino acid sequences of pigment-bindingpeptides.

SEQ ID NOs:135-137 are the amino acid sequences of peptide spacers.

SEQ ID NO:138-147 are the amino acid sequences of triblock peptide-basedbody surface coloring reagents.

SEQ ID NOs:148-151 are the nucleotide sequences that encode thepeptide-based body surface coloring reagents given as SEQ IDNOs:144-147.

SEQ ID NO:152 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKSIC4-HCC77623,which is described in Examples 17-20.

SEQ ID NOs:153-156 are the amino acid sequences of hair conditioner andshampoo resistant hair-binding peptides.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides diblock and triblock peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagents which comprise at least one bodysurface-binding peptide coupled to at least one pigment-binding peptide,either directly or through a molecular spacer. These diblock andtriblock peptide-based reagents may be used in conjunction with pigmentsto color body surfaces. Typical of the compositions of the invention arepeptide-based hair and skin colorants and nail polish compositions.

The peptide based diblock and triblock peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagents of the invention provide benefits and an advance overthe art in the development of personal care products. Because thereagents are peptide based they are able to bind strongly to bodysurfaces from an aqueous environment, thus in many cases being bothwater soluble and water fast. Additionally, because of the aqueousnature of the reagents, they may be removed from body surfaces withoutof the use of odor producing chemicals. The reagents of the inventionbind almost immediately to the target body surface, eliminating the needfor long drying times, typical of most personal care applications.Moreover, the peptide-based body surface coloring reagents are usedwithout the need to covalently attach the body surface-binding peptideto the coloring agent. Most importantly, the peptide nature of thereagents makes them virtually non-toxic and non-irritating to exposedbody surfaces such as the skin and the membranes of the eyes and mouth.

The following definitions are used herein and should be referred to forinterpretation of the claims and the specification.

“HBP” means hair-binding peptide.

“SBP” means skin-binding peptide.

“NBP” means nail-binding peptide.

“OBP” means oral cavity surface-binding peptide.

“TBP” means tooth-binding peptide.

“PBP” means pigment-binding peptide.

“C” means coloring agent for body surfaces such as hair, skin, nails, orteeth.

“S” means spacer.

“BSBP” means body surface binding peptide.

The term “present invention” or “invention” as used herein is meant toapply generally to all embodiments of the invention as recited in theclaims as presented, or as later amended and supplemented.

The term “peptide” refers to two or more amino acids joined to eachother by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds.

The term “body surface” refers to any surface of the human body that mayserve as a substrate for the binding of a diblock or triblockpeptide-based body surface coloring reagent comprising at least one bodysurface-binding peptide and at least one pigment-binding peptide.Typical body surfaces include but are not limited to hair, skin, nails,teeth, and gums.

The term “hair” as used herein refers to any type of human hair,including eyebrows, eyelashes, and other facial hair.

The term “skin” as used herein refers to human skin, or substitutes forhuman skin, such as pig skin, Vitro-Skin® and EpiDerm™. Skin as usedherein as a body surface will generally comprise a layer of epithelialcells and may additionally comprise a layer of endothelial cells.

The term “nails” as used herein refers to human fingernails andtoenails.

The terms “coupling” and “coupled” as used herein refer to any chemicalassociation and includes both covalent and non-covalent interactions.

The term “stringency” as it is applied to the selection of thebody-surface-binding peptides, refers to the concentration of theeluting agent (usually detergent) used to elute peptides from the bodysurface. Higher concentrations of the eluting agent provide morestringent conditions.

The term “peptide-body surface complex” means structure comprising apeptide bound to a sample of a body surface via a binding site on thepeptide.

The term “peptide-hair complex” means structure comprising a peptidebound to a hair fiber via a binding site on the peptide.

The term “peptide-skin complex” means structure comprising a peptidebound to the skin via a binding site on the peptide.

The term “peptide-nail complex” means structure comprising a peptidebound to fingernails or toenails via a binding site on the peptide.

The term “peptide-substrate complex” refers to either peptide-hair,peptide-skin, peptide-nail, or peptide teeth complexes.

The term “MB₅₀” refers to the concentration of the binding peptide thatgives a signal that is 50% of the maximum signal obtained in anELISA-based binding assay, as described in Example 9. The MB₅₀ providesan indication of the strength of the binding interaction or affinity ofthe components of the complex. The lower the value of MB₅₀, the strongerthe interaction of the peptide with its corresponding substrate.

The term “binding affinity” refers to the strength of the interaction ofa binding peptide with its respective substrate. The binding affinity isdefined herein in terms of the MB₅₀ value, determined in an ELISA-basedbinding assay.

The term “nanoparticles” are herein defined as particles with an averageparticle diameter of between 1 and 200 nm. Preferably, the averageparticle diameter of the particles is between about 1 and 40 nm. As usedherein, “particle size” and “particle diameter” have the same meaning.Nanoparticles include, but are not limited to, metallic, semiconductor,polymer, or silica particles.

The term “amino acid” refers to the basic chemical structural unit of aprotein or polypeptide. The following abbreviations are used herein toidentify specific amino acids: Three-Letter One-Letter Amino AcidAbbreviation Abbreviation Alanine Ala A Arginine Arg R Asparagine Asn NAspartic acid Asp D Cysteine Cys C Glutamine Gln Q Glutamic acid Glu EGlycine Gly G Histidine His H Isoleucine Ile I Leucine Leu L Lysine LysK Methionine Met M Phenylalanine Phe F Proline Pro P Serine Ser SThreonine Thr T Tryptophan Trp W Tyrosine Tyr Y Valine Val V

“Gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specificprotein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-codingsequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence.“Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its ownregulatory sequences “Chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not anative gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that are notfound together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may compriseregulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived fromdifferent sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derivedfrom the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that foundin nature. A “foreign” gene refers to a gene not normally found in thehost organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by genetransfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into anon-native organism, or chimeric genes.

“Synthetic genes” can be assembled from oligonucleotide building blocksthat are chemically synthesized using procedures known to those skilledin the art. These building blocks are ligated and annealed to form genesegments which are then enzymatically assembled to construct the entiregene. “Chemically synthesized”, as related to a sequence of DNA, meansthat the component nucleotides were assembled in vitro. Manual chemicalsynthesis of DNA may be accomplished using well-established procedures,or automated chemical synthesis can be performed using one of a numberof commercially available machines. Accordingly, the genes can betailored for optimal gene expression based on optimization of nucleotidesequence to reflect the codon bias of the host cell. The skilled artisanappreciates the likelihood of successful gene expression if codon usageis biased towards those codons favored by the host. Determination ofpreferred codons can be based on a survey of genes derived from the hostcell where sequence information is available.

“Coding sequence” refers to a DNA sequence that codes for a specificamino acid sequence. “Suitable regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotidesequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, ordownstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and whichinfluence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translationof the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may includepromoters, translation leader sequences, introns, polyadenylationrecognition sequences, RNA processing sites, effector binding sites andstem-loop structures.

“Promoter” refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling theexpression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. In general, a codingsequence is located 3′ to a promoter sequence. Promoters may be derivedin their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of differentelements derived from different promoters found in nature, or evencomprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilled inthe art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene indifferent tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development,or in response to different environmental or physiological conditions.Promoters which cause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at mosttimes are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. It isfurther recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries ofregulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments ofdifferent lengths may have identical promoter activity.

The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the transcription andstable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or antisense RNA derived from thenucleic acid fragment of the invention. Expression may also refer totranslation of mRNA into a polypeptide.

The term “transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acidfragment into the genome of a host organism, resulting in geneticallystable inheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleicacid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” or “recombinant” or“transformed” organisms.

The term “host cell” refers to cell which has been transformed ortransfected, or is capable of transformation or transfection by anexogenous polynucleotide sequence.

The terms “plasmid”, “vector” and “cassette” refer to an extrachromosomal element often carrying genes which are not part of thecentral metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circulardouble-stranded DNA molecules. Such elements may be autonomouslyreplicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotidesequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA orRNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequenceshave been joined or recombined into a unique construction which iscapable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for aselected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequenceinto a cell. “Transformation cassette” refers to a specific vectorcontaining a foreign gene and having elements in addition to the foreigngene that facilitate transformation of a particular host cell.“Expression cassette” refers to a specific vector containing a foreigngene and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that allow forenhanced expression of that gene in a foreign host.

The term “phage” or “bacteriophage” refers to a virus that infectsbacteria. Altered forms may be used for the purpose of the presentinvention. The preferred bacteriophage is derived from the “wild” phage,called M13. The M13 system can grow inside a bacterium, so that it doesnot destroy the cell it infects but causes it to make new phagescontinuously. It is a single-stranded DNA phage.

The term “phage display” refers to the display of functional foreignpeptides or small proteins on the surface of bacteriophage or phagemidparticles. Genetically engineered phage may be used to present peptidesas segments of their native surface proteins. Peptide libraries may beproduced by populations of phage with different gene sequences.

“PCR” or “polymerase chain reaction” is a technique used for theamplification of specific DNA segments (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and4,800,159).

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used hereinare well known in the art and are described by Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, SecondEdition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.(1989) (hereinafter “Maniatis”); and by Silhavy, T. J., Bennan, M. L.and Enquist, L. W., Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Cold Press Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984); and by Ausubel, F. M.et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, published by GreenePublishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience (1987).

The present invention provides diblock and triblock peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagents which comprise at least one bodysurface-binding peptide coupled to at least one pigment-binding peptide,either directly or through a molecular spacer. The body surface-bindingpeptide sequences and the pigment-binding peptide sequences may beidentified using combinatorial methods, such as phage display.Additionally, the body surface-binding peptide sequences may beempirically generated. The diblock and triblock peptide-based reagentsof the invention may be prepared by covalently attaching the peptidesequences, either directly or through a molecular spacer. Alternatively,the entire diblock and triblock peptide-based reagents may be producedbiologically. The diblock and triblock peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagents may be used in conjunction with pigments to color bodysurfaces such as hair, skin, nails, and teeth.

Body Surfaces

Body surfaces of the invention are any surface on the human body thatwill serve as a substrate for a binding peptide. Typical body surfacesinclude, but are not limited to hair, skin, nails, teeth, gums, and thetissues of the oral cavity. In many cases the body surfaces of theinvention will be exposed to air, however in some instances, the oralcavity for example, the surfaces will be internal. Accordingly bodysurfaces may include layers of both epithelial and well as endothelialcells.

Samples of body surfaces are available from a variety of sources. Forexample, human hair samples are available commercially, for example fromInternational Hair Importers and Products (Bellerose, N.Y.), indifferent colors, such as brown, black, red, and blond, and in varioustypes, such as African-American, Caucasian, and Asian. Additionally, thehair samples may be treated for example using hydrogen peroxide toobtain bleached hair. Human skin samples may be obtained from cadaversor in vitro human skin cultures. Additionally, pig skin, available frombutcher shops and supermarkets, Vitro-Skin®, available from IMS Inc.(Milford, Conn.), and EpiDerm™, available from MatTek Corp. (Ashland,Mass.), are good substitutes for human skin. Human fingernails andtoenails may be obtained from volunteers. Extracted human teeth andfalse teeth may be obtained from Dental offices. Additionally,hydroxyapatite, available in many forms for example from BerkeleyAdvanced Biomaterials, Inc. (San Leandro, Calif.), may be used as amodel for human teeth.

Body Surface-Binding Peptides

Body surface-binding peptides as defined herein are peptide sequencesthat specifically bind with high affinity to specific body surfaces,including, but not limited to hair, nails, teeth, gums, skin, and thetissues of the oral cavity, for example. Suitable body surface-bindingpeptide sequences may be selected using combinatorial methods that arewell known in the art or may be empirically generated. The body surfacebinding peptides of the invention have a binding affinity for theirrespective substrate, as measured by MB₅₀ values, of less than or equalto about 10⁻²M, less than or equal to about 10⁻³ M, less than or equalto about 10⁻⁴ M, less than or equal to about 10⁻⁵ M, preferably lessthan or equal to about 10⁻⁶ M, and more preferably less than or equal toabout 10⁻⁷ M.

Combinatorially generated body surface-binding peptides of the presentinvention are from about 7 amino acids to about 50 amino acids, morepreferably, from about 7 amino acids to about 25 amino acids in length.The body surface-binding peptides of the present invention may begenerated randomly and then selected against a specific body surface,for example, hair, skin, nail, or tooth sample, based upon their bindingaffinity for the surface of interest. The generation of random librariesof peptides is well known and may be accomplished by a variety oftechniques including, bacterial display (Kemp, D. J.; Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 78(7):4520-4524 (1981), and Helfman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 80(1):31-35, (1983)), yeast display (Chien et al., Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 88(21):9578-82 (1991)), combinatorial solid phase peptidesynthesis (U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,754, U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,971, U.S. Pat.No. 5,585,275, U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,603), and phage display technology(U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409, U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,484, U.S. Pat. No.5,571,698, U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,500). Techniques to generate suchbiological peptide libraries are described in Dani, M., J. of Receptor &Signal Transduction Res., 21(4):447-468 (2001). Additionally, phagedisplay libraries are available commercially from companies such as NewEngland BioLabs (Beverly, Mass.).

A preferred method to randomly generate peptides is by phage display.Phage display is an in vitro selection technique in which a peptide orprotein is genetically fused to a coat protein of a bacteriophage,resulting in display of fused peptide on the exterior of the phagevirion, while the DNA encoding the fusion resides within the virion.This physical linkage between the displayed peptide and the DNA encodingit allows screening of vast numbers of variants of peptides, each linkedto a corresponding DNA sequence, by a simple in vitro selectionprocedure called “biopanning”. In its simplest form, biopanning iscarried out by incubating the pool of phage-displayed variants with atarget of interest that has been immobilized on a plate or bead, washingaway unbound phage, and eluting specifically bound phage by disruptingthe binding interactions between the phage and the target. The elutedphage is then amplified in vivo and the process is repeated, resultingin a stepwise enrichment of the phage pool in favor of the tightestbinding sequences. After 3 or more rounds of selection/amplification,individual clones are characterized by DNA sequencing.

More specifically, after a suitable library of peptides has beengenerated or purchased, the library is then contacted with anappropriate amount of the test substrate, specifically a body surfacesample. The library of peptides is dissolved in a suitable solution forcontacting the sample. The body surface sample may be suspended in thesolution or may be immobilized on a plate or bead. A preferred solutionis a buffered aqueous saline solution containing a surfactant. Asuitable solution is Tris-buffered saline (TBS) with 0.5% Tween® 20. Thesolution may additionally be agitated by any means in order to increasethe mass transfer rate of the peptides to body surface sample, therebyshortening the time required to attain maximum binding.

Upon contact, a number of the randomly generated peptides will bind tothe body surface sample to form a peptide-body-surface complex, forexample a peptide-hair, peptide-skin, peptide-nail, or peptide-toothcomplex. Unbound peptide may be removed by washing. After all unboundmaterial is removed, peptides having varying degrees of bindingaffinities for the test surface may be fractionated by selected washingsin buffers having varying stringencies. Increasing the stringency of thebuffer used increases the required strength of the bond between thepeptide and body surface in the peptide-body surface complex.

A number of substances may be used to vary the stringency of the buffersolution in peptide selection including, but not limited to, acidic pH(1.5-3.0); basic pH (10-12.5); high salt concentrations such as MgCl₂(3-5 M) and LiCl (5-10 M); water; ethylene glycol (25-50%); dioxane(5-20%); thiocyanate (1-5 M); guanidine (2-5 M); urea (2-8 M); andvarious concentrations of different surfactants such as SDS (sodiumdodecyl sulfate), DOC (sodium deoxycholate), Nonidet P-40, Triton X-100,Tween® 20, wherein Tween® 20 is preferred. These substances may beprepared in buffer solutions including, but not limited to, Tris-HCl,Tris-buffered saline, Tris-borate, Tris-acetic acid, triethylamine,phosphate buffer, and glycine-HCl, wherein Tris-buffered saline solutionis preferred.

It will be appreciated that peptides having increasing bindingaffinities for body surface substrates may be eluted by repeating theselection process using buffers with increasing stringencies. The elutedpeptides can be identified and sequenced by any means known in the art.

Thus, the following method for generating the body surface-bindingpeptides, for example, hair-binding peptides, skin-binding peptides,nail-binding peptides, or tooth-binding peptides, may be used. A libraryof combinatorially generated phage-peptides is contacted with the bodysurface of interest, to form phage peptide-body surface complexes. Thephage-peptide-body-surface complex is separated from uncomplexedpeptides and unbound substrate, and the bound phage-peptides from thephage-peptide-body surface complexes is eluted from the complex,preferably by acid treatment. Then, the eluted phage-peptides areidentified and sequenced. To identify peptide sequences that bind to onesubstrate but not to another, for example peptides that bind to hair,but not to skin or peptides that bind to skin, but not to hair, asubtractive panning step is added. Specifically, the library ofcombinatorially generated phage-peptides is first contacted with thenon-target to remove phage-peptides that bind to it. Then, thenon-binding phage-peptides are contacted with the desired substrate andthe above process is followed. Alternatively, the library ofcombinatorially generated phage-peptides may be contacted with thenon-target and the desired substrate simultaneously. Then, thephage-peptide-body surface complexes are separated from thephage-peptide-non-target complexes and the method described above isfollowed for the desired phage-peptide-body surface complexes.

In one embodiment, a modified phage display screening method forisolating peptides with a higher affinity for body surfaces is used. Inthe modified method, the phage-peptide-body surface complexes are formedas described above. Then, these complexes are treated with an elutionbuffer. Any of the elution buffers described above may be used.Preferably, the elution buffer is an acidic solution. Then, theremaining, elution-resistant phage-peptide-body surface complexes areused to directly infect a bacterial host cell, such as E. coli ER2738.The infected host cells are grown in an appropriate growth medium, suchas LB (Luria-Bertani) medium, and this culture is spread onto agar,containing a suitable growth medium, such as LB medium with IPTG(isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside) and S-Gal™. After growth, theplaques are picked for DNA isolation and are sequenced to identify thepeptide sequences with a high binding affinity for the body surface ofinterest.

In another embodiment, PCR may be used to identify the elution-resistantphage-peptides from the modified phage display screening method,described above, by directly carrying out PCR on the phage-peptide-bodysurface complexes using the appropriate primers, as described by Janssenet al. in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0152976, which isincorporated herein by reference.

Hair-binding, skin-binding, and nail-binding peptides have beenidentified using the above methods, as described by Huang et al. incopending and commonly owned U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2005/0050656, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0226839,both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Specifically,binding peptides were isolated that have a high affinity for normalbrown hair, given as SEQ ID NOs:3-18, 28-38, 40-56, and 64; shampooresistant peptides having affinity for normal brown hair, given as SEQID NO:66, 69 and 70; bleached hair, given as SEQ ID NOs:7, 8, 19-27,38-40, 43, 44, 47, 57, 58, and 59, fingernail, given as SEQ ID NOs:53and 60; and skin, given as SEQ ID NO:61. Additionally, thefingernail-binding peptides were found to bind to bleached hair and maybe used in the peptide-based hair reagents of the invention. Thebleached hair-binding peptides will bind to fingernails and may be usedin the peptide-based nail reagents of the invention.

Alternatively, hair and skin-binding peptide sequences may be generatedempirically by designing peptides that comprise positively charged aminoacids, which can bind to hair and skin via electrostatic interaction, asdescribed by Rothe et al. (WO 2004/000257). The empirically generatedhair and skin-binding peptides have between about 4 amino acids to about50 amino acids, preferably from about 4 to about 25 amino acids, andcomprise at least about 40 mole % positively charged amino acids, suchas lysine, arginine, and histidine. Peptide sequences containingtripeptide motifs such as HRK, RHK, HKR, RKH, KRH, KHR, HKX, KRX, RKX,HRX, KHX and RHX are most preferred where X can be any natural aminoacid but is most preferably selected from neutral side chain amino acidssuch as glycine, alanine, proline, leucine, isoleucine, valine andphenylalanine. In addition, it should be understood that the peptidesequences must meet other functional requirements in the end useincluding solubility, viscosity and compatibility with other componentsin a formulated product and will therefore vary according to the needsof the application. In some cases the peptide may contain up to 60 mole% of amino acids not comprising histidine, lysine or arginine. Suitableempirically generated hair-binding and skin peptides include, but arenot limited to, SEQ ID NOs:105-109.

Pigment-Binding Peptides

Pigment-binding peptides (PBP) as defined herein are peptide sequencesthat specifically bind with high affinity to pigments. Thepigment-binding peptides are from about 5 amino acids to 50 amino acids,more preferably, from about 7 amino acids to about 12 amino acids inlength.

Suitable pigment-binding peptide sequences may be selected using methodsthat are well known in the art. For example, pigment-binding peptidesmay be generated randomly and then selected against a specific pigmentbased upon their binding affinity for the pigment of interest, asdescribed by O'Brien et al. in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2005/0054752, incorporated herein by reference. That method is similarto that described above for the selection of body surface-bindingpeptides.

As used herein, the term “pigment” means an insoluble colorant. A widevariety of organic and inorganic pigments alone or in combination may beused in the present invention. Examples of suitable pigments include,but are not limited to D&C Red No. 36, D&C Red No. 30, D&C Orange No.17, Green 3 Lake, Ext. Yellow 7 Lake, Orange 4 Lake, and Red 28 Lake;the calcium lakes of D&C Red Nos. 7, 11, 31 and 34, the barium lake ofD&C Red No. 12, the strontium lake D&C Red No. 13, the aluminum lakes ofFD&C Yellow No. 5, of FD&C Yellow No. 6, of FD&C No. 40, of D&C Red Nos.21, 22, 27, and 28, of FD&C Blue No. 1, of D&C Orange No. 5, of D&CYellow No. 10, the zirconium lake of D&C Red No. 33; Cromophthal® Yellow131AK (Ciba Specialty Chemicals), Sunfast® Magenta 122 (Sun Chemical)and Sunfast® Blue 15:3 (Sun Chemical), iron oxides, calcium carbonate,aluminum hydroxide, calcium sulfate, kaolin, ferric ammoniumferrocyamide, magnesium carbonate, carmine, barium sulfate, mica,bismuth oxychloride, zinc stearate, manganese violet, chromium oxide,titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, zinc oxide, bariumoxide, ultramarine blue, bismuth citrate, and white minerals such ashydroxyapatite, and Zircon (zirconium silicate), and carbon blackparticles.

Examples of suitable pigment-binding peptides include, but are notlimited to, those described by O'Brien et al., supra, that have a highaffinity for the pigments carbon black, given as SEQ ID NOs:110-113,Cromophthal® Yellow, given as SEQ ID NOs:114-122, Sunfast® Magenta,given as SEQ ID NOs:123-125, and Sunfast® Blue, given as SEQ ID NOs:122,126-134, and those described by Nomoto et al. in EP1275728 that have ahigh affinity for carbon black, copper phthalocyanine, titanium dioxide,and silicon dioxide.

Production of Binding Peptides

The body surface-binding peptides and pigment-binding peptides of thepresent invention may be prepared using standard peptide synthesismethods, which are well known in the art (see for example Stewart etal., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill.,1984; Bodanszky, Principles of Peptide Synthesis, Springer-Verlag, NewYork, 1984; and Pennington et al., Peptide Synthesis Protocols, HumanaPress, Totowa, N.J., 1994). Additionally, many companies offer custompeptide synthesis services.

Alternatively, the peptides of the present invention may be preparedusing recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques. Genes encodingthe hair-binding, skin-binding or nail-binding peptides may be producedin heterologous host cells, particularly in the cells of microbialhosts.

Preferred heterologous host cells for expression of the binding peptidesof the present invention are microbial hosts that can be found broadlywithin the fungal or bacterial families and which grow over a wide rangeof temperature, pH values, and solvent tolerances. Becausetranscription, translation, and the protein biosynthetic apparatus arethe same irrespective of the cellular feedstock, functional genes areexpressed irrespective of carbon feedstock used to generate cellularbiomass. Examples of host strains include, but are not limited to,fungal or yeast species such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Saccharomyces,Pichia, Candida, Hansenula, or bacterial species such as Salmonella,Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces, Escherichia,Pseudomonas, Methylomonas, Methylobacter, Alcaligenes, Synechocystis,Anabaena, Thiobacillus, Methanobacterium and Klebsiella.

A variety of expression systems can be used to produce the peptides ofthe present invention. Such vectors include, but are not limited to,chromosomal, episomal and virus-derived vectors, e.g., vectors derivedfrom bacterial plasmids, from bacteriophage, from transposons, frominsertion elements, from yeast episoms, from viruses such asbaculoviruses, retroviruses and vectors derived from combinationsthereof such as those derived from plasmid and bacteriophage geneticelements, such as cosmids and phagemids. The expression systemconstructs may contain regulatory regions that regulate as well asengender expression. In general, any system or vector suitable tomaintain, propagate or express polynucleotide or polypeptide in a hostcell may be used for expression in this regard. Microbial expressionsystems and expression vectors contain regulatory sequences that directhigh level expression of foreign proteins relative to the growth of thehost cell. Regulatory sequences are well known to those skilled in theart and examples include, but are not limited to, those which cause theexpression of a gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemical orphysical stimulus, including the presence of regulatory elements in thevector, for example, enhancer sequences. Any of these could be used toconstruct chimeric genes for production of the any of the bindingpeptides of the present invention. These chimeric genes could then beintroduced into appropriate microorganisms via transformation to providehigh level expression of the peptides.

Vectors or cassettes useful for the transformation of suitable hostcells are well known in the art. Typically the vector or cassettecontains sequences directing transcription and translation of therelevant gene, one or more selectable markers, and sequences allowingautonomous replication or chromosomal integration. Suitable vectorscomprise a region 5′ of the gene, which harbors transcriptionalinitiation controls and a region 3′ of the DNA fragment which controlstranscriptional termination. It is most preferred when both controlregions are derived from genes homologous to the transformed host cell,although it is to be understood that such control regions need not bederived from the genes native to the specific species chosen as aproduction host. Selectable marker genes provide a phenotypic trait forselection of the transformed host cells such as tetracycline orampicillin resistance in E. coli.

Initiation control regions or promoters which are useful to driveexpression of the chimeric gene in the desired host cell are numerousand familiar to those skilled in the art. Virtually any promoter capableof driving the gene is suitable for producing the binding peptides ofthe present invention including, but not limited to: CYC1, HIS3, GAL1,GAL10, ADH1, PGK, PHO5, GAPDH, ADC1, TRP1, URA3, LEU2, ENO, TPI (usefulfor expression in Saccharomyces); AOX1 (useful for expression inPichia); and lac, ara, tet, trp, IP_(L), IP_(R), T7, tac, and trc(useful for expression in Escherichia coli) as well as the amy, apr, nprpromoters and various phage promoters useful for expression in Bacillus.

Termination control regions may also be derived from various genesnative to the preferred hosts. Optionally, a termination site may beunnecessary, however, it is most preferred if included.

The vector containing the appropriate DNA sequence as described supra,as well as an appropriate promoter or control sequence, may be employedto transform an appropriate host to permit the host to express thepeptide of the present invention. Cell-free translation systems can alsobe employed to produce such peptides using RNAs derived from the DNAconstructs of the present invention. Optionally it may be desired toproduce the instant gene product as a secretion product of thetransformed host. Secretion of desired proteins into the growth mediahas the advantages of simplified and less costly purificationprocedures. It is well known in the art that secretion signal sequencesare often useful in facilitating the active transport of expressibleproteins across cell membranes. The creation of a transformed hostcapable of secretion may be accomplished by the incorporation of a DNAsequence that codes for a secretion signal which is functional in theproduction host. Methods for choosing appropriate signal sequences arewell known in the art (see for example EP 546049 and WO 9324631). Thesecretion signal DNA or facilitator may be located between theexpression-controlling DNA and the instant gene or gene fragment, and inthe same reading frame with the latter.

Diblock and Triblock Peptide-Based Body Surface Coloring Reagents

The peptide-based diblock and triblock peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagents of the present invention are formed by coupling atleast one body surface-binding peptide to at least one pigment-bindingpeptide, either directly or through a molecular spacer. The bodysurface-binding peptide part of the reagent binds strongly to the bodysurface, while the pigment-binding sequence binds strongly to thepigment, thereby attaching the pigment to the body surface. The diblockand triblock peptide-based body surface coloring reagents of theinvention are from about 14 to about 200 amino acids in length,preferably about 30 to about 130 amino acids in length.

Suitable body surface-binding peptides are described above and include,but are not limited to hair-binding, skin-binding, nail-binding, andtooth-binding peptides selected by the screening methods describedabove, and empirically generated hair and skin-binding peptides, asdescribed above. Additionally, any known body surface binding peptidemay be used, including hair-binding peptides such as SEQ ID NO:1, andskin-binding peptides such as SEQ ID NO:2, described by Janssen et al.in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0152976, andhair-binding peptides such as SEQ ID NOs:76-98, and skin-bindingpeptides such as SEQ ID NOs:99-104, described by Janssen et al. in WO04048399, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.Additionally, hair conditioner resistant hair-binding peptides such asSEQ ID NO:75, described by Wang et al. (U.S. Patent Application No.60/657,496), and hair conditioner and shampoo resistant hair-bindingpeptides such as SEQ ID NOs:153-156, as described by O'Brien et al.(U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/251,715), may be used.

Suitable pigment-binding peptides are described above and includepigment-binding peptides selected by the screening methods describedabove. Additionally, any known pigment-binding peptide may be used, suchas the peptides that bind to carbon black, copper phthalocyanine,titanium dioxide, and silicon dioxide, described by Nomoto et al. inEP1275728.

The diblock and triblock peptide-based body surface coloring reagents ofthe present invention are prepared by coupling at least one bodysurface-binding peptide to at least one pigment-binding peptide, eitherdirectly or via an optional spacer. The coupling interaction may be acovalent bond or a non-covalent interaction, such as hydrogen bonding,electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, or Van der Waalsinteraction. In the case of a non-covalent interaction, thepeptide-based body surface coloring reagents may be prepared by mixingat least one body surface-binding peptide, at least one pigment-bindingpeptide and the optional spacer (if used) and allowing sufficient timefor the interaction to occur. The unbound materials may be separatedfrom the resulting peptide-based body surface coloring reagent usingmethods known in the art, for example, gel permeation chromatography.

The peptide-based body surface coloring reagents of the invention mayalso be prepared by covalently attaching at least one bodysurface-binding peptide to at least one pigment-binding peptide, eitherdirectly or through a spacer. Any known peptide or protein conjugationchemistry may be used to form the peptide-based body surface coloringreagents of the invention. Conjugation chemistries are well-known in theart (see for example, Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, AcademicPress, New York (1996)). Suitable coupling agents include, but are notlimited to, carbodiimide coupling agents, diacid chlorides,diisocyanates and other difunctional coupling reagents that are reactivetoward terminal amine and/or carboxylic acid groups on the peptides. Thepreferred coupling agents are carbodiimide coupling agents, such as1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) andN,N′-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide (DCC), which may be used to activatecarboxylic acid groups. Additionally, it may be necessary to protectreactive amine or carboxylic acid groups on the peptides to produce thedesired structure for the peptide-based body surface coloring reagent.The use of protecting groups for amino acids, such as t-butyloxycarbonyl(t-Boc), are well known in the art (see for example Stewart et al.,supra; Bodanszky, supra; and Pennington et al., supra).

Additionally, diblock peptide-based body surface coloring reagentsconsisting of at least one body surface binding peptide and at least onepigment-binding peptide may be prepared using the recombinant DNA andmolecular cloning techniques described supra.

It may also be desirable to couple the body surface-binding peptide tothe pigment-binding peptide via a spacer to form a triblock body surfacecoloring reagent. The spacer serves to separate the binding peptidesequences to ensure that the binding affinity of the individual peptidesis not adversely affected by the coupling. The spacer may also provideother desirable properties such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, or ameans for cleaving the peptide sequences to facilitate removal of thecoloring agent.

The spacer may be any of a variety of molecules, such as alkyl chains,phenyl compounds, ethylene glycol, amides, esters and the like.Preferred spacers are hydrophilic and have a chain length from 1 toabout 100 atoms, more preferably, from 2 to about 30 atoms. Examples ofpreferred spacers include, but are not limited to ethanol amine,ethylene glycol, polyethylene with a chain length of 6 carbon atoms,polyethylene glycol with 3 to 6 repeating units, phenoxyethanol,propanolamide, butylene glycol, butyleneglycolamide, propyl phenylchains, and ethyl, propyl, hexyl, steryl, cetyl, and palmitoyl alkylchains. The spacer may be covalently attached to the bodysurface-binding and pigment-binding peptide sequences using any of thecoupling chemistries described above. In order to facilitateincorporation of the spacer, a bifunctional cross-linking agent thatcontains a spacer and reactive groups at both ends for coupling to thepeptides may be used. Suitable bifunctional cross-linking agents arewell known in the art and include, but are not limited to diamines, sucha as 1,6-diaminohexane; dialdehydes, such as glutaraldehyde; bisN-hydroxysuccinimide esters, such as ethylene glycol-bis(succinic acidN-hydroxysuccinimide ester), disuccinimidyl glutarate, disuccinimidylsuberate, and ethylene glycol-bis(succinimidylsuccinate); diisocyanates,such as hexamethylenediisocyanate; bis oxiranes, such as 1,4 butanediyldiglycidyl ether; dicarboxylic acids, such as succinyldisalicylate; andthe like. Heterobifunctional cross-linking agents, which contain adifferent reactive group at each end, may also be used. Examples ofheterobifunctional cross-linking agents include, but are not limited tocompounds having the following structure:

where: R₁ is H or a substituent group such as —SO₃Na, —NO₂, or —Br; andR₂ is a spacer such as —CH₂CH₂ (ethyl), —(CH₂)₃ (propyl), or —(CH₂)₃C₆H₅(propyl phenyl). An example of such a heterobifunctional cross-linkingagent is 3-maleimidopropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. TheN-hydroxysuccinimide ester group of these reagents reacts with aminegroups on one peptide, while the maleimide group reacts with thiolgroups present on the other peptide. A thiol group may be incorporatedinto the peptide by adding at least one cysteine group to at least oneend of the binding peptide sequence (i.e., the C-terminal end orN-terminal end). Several spacer amino acid residues, such as glycine,may be incorporated between the binding peptide sequence and theterminal cysteine to separate the reacting thiol group from the bindingsequence. Moreover, at least one lysine residue may be added to at leastone end of the binding peptide sequence, i.e., the C-terminal end or theN-terminal end, to provide an amine group for coupling.

Additionally, the spacer may be a peptide comprising any amino acid andmixtures thereof. The preferred peptide spacers comprise the amino acidsglycine, alanine, and serine, and mixtures thereof. In addition, thepeptide spacer may contain a specific enzyme cleavage site, such as theprotease Caspase 3 site, given by SEQ ID NO:65, which allows for theenzymatic removal of the pigment from the hair. The peptide spacer maybe from 1 to about 50 amino acids, preferably from 1 to about 20 aminoacids in length. Examples of suitable spacers include, but are notlimited to, the sequences given by SEQ ID NOs:135-137. These peptidespacers may be linked to the binding peptide sequences by any methodknown in the art. For example, the entire triblock peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent may be prepared using the standard peptidesynthesis methods described supra. In addition, the binding peptides andpeptide spacer block may be combined using carbodiimide coupling agents(see for example, Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Press,New York (1996)), diacid chlorides, diisocyanates and other difunctionalcoupling reagents that are reactive to terminal amine and/or carboxylicacid groups on the peptides, as described above. Alternatively, theentire triblock peptide-based body surface coloring reagent may beprepared using the recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniquesdescribed supra. The spacer may also be a combination of a peptidespacer and an organic spacer molecule, which may be prepared using themethods described above. Examples of triblock body surface coloringreagents include, but are not limited to, the sequences given as SEQ IDNOs:138-147.

It may also be desirable to have multiple copies of the bodysurface-binding peptide and the pigment-binding peptide coupled togetherto enhance the interaction between the peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagent and the body surface and the pigment, as described byHuang et al. (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0050656).Either multiple copies of the same body surface-binding peptide andpigment-binding peptide or a combination of different bodysurface-binding peptides and pigment-binding peptides may be used. Themulti-copy peptide-based body surface coloring reagents may comprisevarious spacers as described above. Examples of multi-copy bodysurface-binding peptide-pigment-binding peptide body surface coloringreagents include, but are not limited to, the sequences given as SEQ IDNOs:144, 145, and 147.

In one embodiment of the invention, the peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagent is a diblock composition comprising a bodysurface-binding peptide (BSBP) and a pigment-binding peptide (PBP),having the general structure [(BSBP)_(m)−(PBP)_(n)]_(x), where n and mindependently range from 1 to about 10, preferably from 1 to about 5,and x may be 1 to about 10.

In another embodiment, the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentcomprises a molecular spacer (S) separating the body surface-bindingpeptide from the pigment-binding peptide, as described above. Multiplecopies of the body surface-binding peptide and the pigment-bindingpeptide may also be used and the multiple copies of the bodysurface-binding peptide and the pigment-binding peptide may be separatedfrom themselves and from each other by molecular spacers. In thisembodiment, the peptide-based body surface coloring reagent is atriblock composition comprising a body surface-binding peptide, aspacer, and pigment-binding peptide, having the general structure[[(BSBP)_(m)−S_(q)]_(x)−[(PBP)_(n)−S_(r)]_(z)]_(y), where n, m, x, and zindependently range from 1 to about 10, y is from 1 to about 5, andwhere q and r are each independently 0 or 1, provided that both q and rare not 0. Preferably, m and n independently range from 1 to about 5,and x and z range from 1 to about 3.

In another embodiment, the body surface-binding peptide is ahair-binding peptide and the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a diblock composition comprising the hair-binding peptide (HBP) and apigment-binding peptide (PBP), having the general structure[(HBP)_(m)−(PBP)_(n)]_(x) where n and m independently range from 1 toabout 10, preferably from 1 to about 5, and x may be 1 to about 10.

In another embodiment, the body surface-binding peptide is ahair-binding peptide and the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a triblock composition comprising the hair-binding peptide (HBP), aspacer (S), and a pigment-binding peptide (PBP), having the generalstructure [[(H BP)_(m)−S_(q)]_(x)−[(PBP)_(n)−S_(r)]_(z)]y, where n, m,x, and z independently range from 1 to about 10, y is from 1 to about 5,and where q and r are each independently 0 or 1, provided that both qand r are not 0. Preferably, m and n independently range from 1 to about5, and x and z range from 1 to about 3.

In another embodiment, the body surface-binding peptide is askin-binding peptide and the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a diblock composition comprising the skin-binding peptide (SBP) and apigment-binding peptide (PBP), having the general structure[(SBP)_(m)−(PBP)_(n)]_(x), where n and m independently range from 1 toabout 10, preferably from 1 to about 5, and x may be 1 to about 10.

In another embodiment, the body surface-binding peptide is askin-binding peptide and the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a triblock composition comprising the skin-binding peptide (SBP), aspacer (S), and a pigment-binding peptide (PBP), having the generalstructure [[(SBP)_(m)−S_(q)]_(x)−[(PBP)_(n)−S_(r)]_(z)]y, where n, m, x,and z independently range from 1 to about 10, y is from 1 to about 5,and where q and r are each independently 0 or 1, provided that both qand r are not 0. Preferably, m and n independently range from 1 to about5, and x and z range from 1 to about 3.

In another embodiment, the body surface-binding peptide is anail-binding peptide and the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a diblock composition comprising the nail-binding peptide (NBP) and apigment-binding peptide (PBP), having the general structure[(NBP)_(m)−(PBP)_(n)]_(x) where n and m independently range from 1 toabout 10, preferably from 1 to about 5, and x may be 1 to about 10.

In another embodiment, the body surface-binding peptide is anail-binding peptide and the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a triblock composition comprising the nail-binding peptide (NBP), aspacer (S), and a pigment-binding peptide (PBP), having the generalstructure [[(N BP)_(m)−S_(q)]_(x)−[(PBP)_(n)−S_(r)]_(z)]y, where n, m,x, and z independently range from 1 to about 10, y is from 1 to about 5,and where q and r are each independently 0 or 1, provided that both qand r are not 0. Preferably, m and n independently range from 1 to about5, and x and z range from 1 to about 3.

In another embodiment, the body surface-binding peptide is atooth-binding peptide and the peptide-based body surface coloringreagent is a diblock composition comprising the tooth-binding peptide(TBP) and a pigment-binding peptide (PBP), having the general structure[(TBP)_(m)−(PBP)_(n)]_(x) where n and m independently range from 1 toabout 10, preferably from 1 to about 5, and x may be 1 to about 10.

In another embodiment, the body surface-binding peptide is atooth-binding peptide and the peptide-based body surface coloringreagent is a triblock composition comprising the tooth-binding peptide(TBP), a spacer (S), and a pigment-binding peptide (PBP), having thegeneral structure [[(TBP)_(m)−S_(q)]_(x)−[(PBP)_(n)−S_(r)]_(z)]y, wheren, m, x, and z independently range from 1 to about 10, y is from 1 toabout 5, and where q and r are each independently 0 or 1, provided thatboth q and r are not 0. Preferably, m and n independently range from 1to about 5, and x and z range from 1 to about 3.

It should be understood that as used herein, BSBP, HBP, SBP, NBP, TBP,and PBP are generic designations and are not meant to refer to a singlebody surface-binding peptide, hair-binding peptide, skin-bindingpeptide, nail-binding peptide, tooth-binding or pigment-binding peptidesequence, respectively. Where m or n as used above, is greater than 1,it is well within the scope of the invention to provide for thesituation where a series of body surface-binding peptides of differentsequences and pigment-binding peptides of different sequences may form apart of the composition. Additionally, S is a generic term and is notmeant to refer to a single spacer. Where x and y, as used above for thetriblock compositions, are greater than 1, it is well within the scopeof the invention to provide for the situation where a series ofdifferent spacers may form a part of the composition. It should also beunderstood that these structures do not necessarily represent a covalentbond between the peptides and the optional molecular spacer. Asdescribed above, the coupling interaction between the peptides and theoptional spacer may be either covalent or non-covalent.

Personal Care Compositions

The diblock and triblock peptide-based body surface coloring reagents ofthe invention may be used in personal care compositions in conjunctionwith one or more pigments to color body surfaces, such as hair, skin,nails, and teeth. The body surface-binding peptide block of thepeptide-based body surface coloring agent has an affinity for the bodysurface, while the pigment-binding peptide block has an affinity for thepigment used, thereby attaching the pigment to the body surface. Thepeptide-based body surface coloring reagent may be present in the samecomposition as the pigment, or the peptide-based body surface coloringreagent and the pigment may be present in two different personal carecompositions that are applied to the body surface in any order, asdescribed below. Personal care compositions include, but are not limitedto, hair care compositions, hair coloring compositions, skin carecompositions, cosmetic compositions, nail polish compositions, and oralcare compositions.

Hair Care Compositions

In one embodiment, the peptide-based body surface coloring reagent is acomponent of a hair care composition and the peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagent comprises at least one hair-binding peptide. Hair carecompositions are herein defined as compositions for the treatment ofhair including, but not limited to, shampoos, conditioners, rinses,lotions, aerosols, gels, and mousses. An effective amount of thepeptide-based body surface coloring reagent for use in hair carecompositions is a concentration of about 0.01% to about 10%, preferablyabout 0.01% to about 5% by weight relative to the total weight of thecomposition. This proportion may vary as a function of the type of haircare composition. Additionally, the hair care composition may furthercomprise at least one pigment. Suitable pigments are described above.The concentration of the peptide-based body surface coloring reagent inrelation to the concentration of the pigment may need to be optimizedfor best results. Additionally, a mixture of different peptide-basedbody surface coloring reagents having an affinity for different pigmentsmay be used in the composition. The peptide-based body surface coloringreagents in the mixture need to be chosen so that there is nointeraction between the peptides that mitigates the beneficial effect.Suitable mixtures of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents may bedetermined by one skilled in the art using routine experimentation. If amixture of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents is used in thecomposition, the total concentration of the reagents is about 0.01% toabout 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

The composition may further comprise a cosmetically acceptable mediumfor hair care compositions, examples of which are described by Philippeet al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,747, and by Omura et al. in U.S. Pat. No.6,139,851 and Cannell et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,250, all of whichare incorporated herein by reference. For example, these hair carecompositions can be aqueous, alcoholic or aqueous-alcoholic solutions,the alcohol preferably being ethanol or isopropanol, in a proportion offrom about 1 to about 75% by weight relative to the total weight for theaqueous-alcoholic solutions. Additionally, the hair care compositionsmay contain one or more conventional cosmetic or dermatologicaladditives or adjuvants including, but not limited to, antioxidants,preserving agents, fillers, surfactants, UVA and/or UVB sunscreens,fragrances, thickeners, wetting agents and anionic, nonionic oramphoteric polymers, and dyes.

Hair Coloring Compositions

In another embodiment, the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a component of a hair coloring composition and the peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent comprises at least one hair binding peptide.Hair coloring compositions are herein defined as compositions for thecoloring or dyeing of hair, which comprise one or more coloring agents.Coloring agents as herein defined are any dye, pigment, and the likethat may be used to change the color of a body surface, such as hair,skin, nails, or teeth. Hair coloring agents are well known in the art(see for example Green et al. supra, CFTA International Color Handbook,2^(nd) ed., Micelle Press, England (1992) and Cosmetic Handbook, US Foodand Drug Administration, FDA/IAS Booklet (1992)), and are availablecommercially from various sources (for example Bayer, Pittsburgh, Pa.;Ciba-Geigy, Tarrytown, N.Y.; ICI, Bridgewater, N.J.; Sandoz, Vienna,Austria; BASF, Mount Olive, N.J.; and Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany).

An effective amount of a peptide-based body surface coloring reagent foruse in a hair coloring composition is herein defined as a proportion offrom about 0.01% to about 20% by weight relative to the total weight ofthe composition. Additionally, a mixture of different peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagents having an affinity for different pigments maybe used in the composition. The peptide-based body surface coloringreagents in the mixture need to be chosen so that there is nointeraction between the peptides that mitigates the beneficial effect.Suitable mixtures of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents may bedetermined by one skilled in the art using routine experimentation. If amixture of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents is used in thecomposition, the total concentration of the reagents is about 0.01% toabout 20% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

Components of a cosmetically acceptable medium for hair coloringcompositions are described by Dias et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,398,821and by Deutz et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,129,770, both of which areincorporated herein by reference. For example, hair coloringcompositions may contain sequestrants, stabilizers, thickeners, buffers,carriers, surfactants, solvents, antioxidants, polymers, andconditioners.

Skin Care Compositions

In another embodiment, the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a component of a skin care composition and the peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent comprises at least one skin-binding peptide.Skin care compositions are herein defined as compositions for thetreatment of skin including, but not limited to, skin care, skincleansing, make-up, and anti-wrinkle products. An effective amount ofthe peptide-based body surface coloring reagent for use in a skin carecomposition is a concentration of about 0.01% to about 10%, preferablyabout 0.01% to about 5% by weight relative to the total weight of thecomposition. This proportion may vary as a function of the type of skincare composition. Additionally, a mixture of different peptide-basedbody surface coloring reagents having an affinity for different pigmentsmay be used in the composition. The peptide-based body surface coloringreagents in the mixture need to be chosen so that there is nointeraction between the peptides that mitigates the beneficial effect.Suitable mixtures of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents may bedetermined by one skilled in the art using routine experimentation. If amixture of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents is used in thecomposition, the total concentration of the reagents is about 0.01% toabout 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition. Theskin care composition may further comprise at least one pigment,suitable examples of which are given above. The concentration of thepeptide-based body surface coloring reagent in relation to theconcentration of the pigment may need to be optimized for best results.

The composition may further comprise a cosmetically acceptable mediumfor skin care compositions, examples of which are described by Philippeet al. supra. For example, the cosmetically acceptable medium may be ananhydrous composition containing a fatty substance in a proportiongenerally of from about 10 to about 90% by weight relative to the totalweight of the composition, where the fatty phase contains at least oneliquid, solid or semi-solid fatty substance. The fatty substanceincludes, but is not limited to, oils, waxes, gums, and so-called pastyfatty substances. Alternatively, the compositions may be in the form ofa stable dispersion such as a water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsion.Additionally, the compositions may contain one or more conventionalcosmetic or dermatological additives or adjuvants including, but notlimited to, antioxidants, preserving agents, fillers, surfactants, UVAand/or UVB sunscreens, fragrances, thickeners, wetting agents andanionic, nonionic or amphoteric polymers, and dyes.

Skin Coloring Compositions

In another embodiment, the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a component of a skin coloring composition and the peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent comprises at least one skin-binding peptide.The skin coloring composition comprises one or more coloring agents. Anyof the coloring agents described above may be used.

The skin coloring compositions may be any cosmetic or make-up product,including but not limited to foundations, blushes, lipsticks, lipliners, lip glosses, eyeshadows and eyeliners. These may be anhydrousmake-up products comprising a cosmetically acceptable medium whichcontains a fatty substance, or they may be in the form of a stabledispersion such as a water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsion, as describedabove. In these compositions, an effective amount of the peptide-basedbody surface coloring reagent is generally from about 0.01% to about 40%by weight relative to the total weight of the composition. Additionally,a mixture of different peptide-based body surface coloring reagentshaving an affinity for different pigments may be used in thecomposition. The peptide-based body surface coloring reagents in themixture need to be chosen so that there is no interaction between thepeptides that mitigates the beneficial effect. Suitable mixtures ofpeptide-based body surface coloring reagents may be determined by oneskilled in the art using routine experimentation. If a mixture ofpeptide-based body surface coloring reagents is used in the composition,the total concentration of the reagents is about 0.01% to about 40% byweight relative to the total weight of the composition.

Cosmetic Compositions

In another embodiment, the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a component of a cosmetic composition and the peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent comprises at least one hair binding peptide.Cosmetic compositions, as defined herein, are compositions that may beapplied to the eyelashes or eyebrows including, but not limited tomascaras, and eyebrow pencils. These cosmetic compositions comprise oneor more coloring agents. Any of the coloring agents described above maybe used.

An effective amount of a peptide-based body surface coloring reagent foruse in a cosmetic composition is herein defined as a proportion of fromabout 0.01% to about 20% by weight relative to the total weight of thecomposition. Additionally, a mixture of different peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagents having affinity for different pigments may beused in the composition. The peptide-based body surface coloringreagents in the mixture need to be chosen so that there is nointeraction between the peptides that mitigates the beneficial effect.Suitable mixtures of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents may bedetermined by one skilled in the art using routine experimentation. If amixture of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents is used in thecomposition, the total concentration of the reagents is about 0.01% toabout 20% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

Cosmetic compositions may be anhydrous make-up products comprising acosmetically acceptable medium which contains a fatty substance in aproportion generally of from about 10 to about 90% by weight relative tothe total weight of the composition, where the fatty phase containing atleast one liquid, solid or semi-solid fatty substance, as describedabove. The fatty substance includes, but is not limited to, oils, waxes,gums, and so-called pasty fatty substances. Alternatively, thesecompositions may be in the form of a stable dispersion such as awater-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsion, as described above.

Nail Polish Compositions

In another embodiment, the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a component of a nail polish composition and the peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent comprises at least one nail-binding peptide.The nail polish compositions are used for coloring fingernails andtoenails and comprise one or more coloring agents. Any of the coloringagents described above may be used.

An effective amount of a peptide-based body surface coloring reagent foruse in a nail polish composition is herein defined as a proportion offrom about 0.01% to about 20% by weight relative to the total weight ofthe composition. Additionally, a mixture of different peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagents having affinity for different pigments may beused in the composition. The peptide-based body surface coloringreagents in the mixture need to be chosen so that there is nointeraction between the peptides that mitigates the beneficial effect.Suitable mixtures of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents may bedetermined by one skilled in the art using routine experimentation. If amixture of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents is used in thecomposition, the total concentration of the reagents is about 0.01% toabout 20% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

Components of a cosmetically acceptable medium for nail polishcompositions are described by Philippe et al. supra. The nail polishcomposition typically contains a solvent and a film forming substance,such as cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl derivatives, acrylic polymersor copolymers, vinyl copolymers and polyester polymers. Additionally,the nail polish may contain a plasticizer, such as tricresyl phosphate,benzyl benzoate, tributyl phosphate, butyl acetyl ricinoleate, triethylcitrate, tributyl acetyl citrate, dibutyl phthalate or camphor.

Oral Care Compositions

In another embodiment, the peptide-based body surface coloring reagentis a component of an oral care composition and the peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent comprises at least one tooth-binding peptide.The oral care compositions of the invention comprise at least one whitecolorant and are used to whiten teeth. Suitable white colorants whichmay be used in the oral care composition include, but are not limitedto, white pigments such as titanium dioxide and titanium dioxidenanoparticles; and white minerals such as hydroxyapatite, and Zircon(zirconium silicate).

The oral care compositions of the invention may be in the form ofpowder, paste, gel, liquid, ointment, or tablet. Exemplary oral carecompositions include, but are not limited to, toothpaste, dental cream,gel or tooth powder, mouth wash, breath freshener, and dental floss. Theoral care compositions comprise an effective amount of the peptide-basedbody surface coloring reagent of the invention in an orally acceptablecarrier medium. An effective amount of a peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagent for use in an oral care composition may vary dependingon the type of product. Typically, the effective amount of thepeptide-based body surface coloring reagent is a proportion from about0.01% to about 90% by weight relative to the total weight of thecomposition. Additionally, a mixture of different peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagents having affinity for different pigments may beused in the composition. The peptide-based body surface coloringreagents in the mixture need to be chosen so that there is nointeraction between the peptides that mitigates the beneficial effect.Suitable mixtures of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents may bedetermined by one skilled in the art using routine experimentation. If amixture of peptide-based body surface coloring reagents is used in thecomposition, the total concentration of the reagents is about 0.001% toabout 90% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

Components of an orally acceptable carrier medium are described by Whiteet al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,740,311; Lawler et al. in U.S. Pat. No.6,706,256; and Fuglsang et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,925; all of whichare incorporated herein by reference. For example, the oral carecomposition may comprise one or more of the following: abrasives,surfactants, chelating agents, fluoride sources, thickening agents,buffering agents, solvents, humectants, carriers, bulking agents, andoral benefit agents, such as enzymes, anti-plaque agents, anti-stainingagents, anti-microbial agents, anti-caries agents, flavoring agents,coolants, and salivating agents.

Methods for Coloring a Body Surface

The peptide-based body surface coloring reagents of the invention may beused in conjunction with one or more pigments to color body surfaces,such as hair, skin, nails, and teeth. The body surface-binding peptideblock of the peptide-based body surface coloring agent has an affinityfor the body surface, while the pigment-binding peptide block has anaffinity for the pigment used. The peptide-based body surface coloringreagent may be present in the same composition as the pigment, or thepeptide-based body surface coloring reagent and the pigment may bepresent in two different compositions. In one embodiment, a personalcare composition comprising at least one peptide-based body surfacecoloring agent and at least one pigment is applied to a body surface fora time sufficient for the peptide-based body surface coloring agent,which is coupled to the pigment via the pigment-binding peptide block,to bind to the body surface. In another embodiment, at least one pigmentis applied to a body surface prior to the application of a compositioncomprising at least one peptide-based body surface coloring reagent. Inanother embodiment, a composition comprising at least one peptide-basedbody surface coloring reagent is applied to the body surface prior tothe application of at least one pigment. In another embodiment, at leastone pigment and a composition comprising at least one peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent are applied to the body surface concomitantly.Optionally, the composition comprising the peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagent may be reapplied to the body surface after theapplication of the pigment and the initial application of thecomposition comprising the peptide-based body surface coloring reagent.Additionally, a composition comprising a polymeric sealant may beapplied to the body surface after the application of the pigment and thecomposition comprising a peptide-based body surface coloring reagent.

Methods for Coloring Hair

The peptide-based body surface coloring reagents of the invention may beused to attach a pigment to the surface of the hair, thereby coloringthe hair. The peptide-based body surface coloring reagent and thepigment may be applied to the hair from any suitable hair carecomposition, for example a hair colorant or hair conditionercomposition. These hair care compositions are well known in the art andsuitable compositions are described above.

In one embodiment, a pigment is applied to the hair for a timesufficient for the pigment to bind to the hair, typically between about5 seconds to about 60 minutes. Optionally, the hair may be rinsed toremove the pigment that has not bound to the hair. Then, a compositioncomprising a peptide-based body surface coloring reagent is applied tothe hair for a time sufficient for the body surface coloring reagent tobind to the hair and the pigment, typically between about 5 seconds toabout 60 minutes. The composition comprising the peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent may be rinsed from the hair or left on thehair.

In another embodiment, a composition comprising a peptide-based bodysurface reagent is applied to the hair for a time sufficient for thehair-binding peptide block of the body surface coloring reagent to bindto the hair, typically between about 5 seconds to about 60 minutes.Optionally, the hair may be rinsed to remove the composition that hasnot bound to the hair. Then, a pigment is applied to the hair for a timesufficient for the pigment to bind to the pigment-binding block of thebody surface coloring reagent, typically between about 5 seconds toabout 60 minutes. The unbound pigment may be rinsed from the hair orleft on the hair.

In another embodiment, a pigment and a composition comprising apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent are applied to the hairconcomitantly for a time sufficient for the body surface coloringreagent to bind to hair and the pigment, typically between about 5seconds to about 60 minutes. Optionally, the hair may be rinsed toremove the unbound pigment and the composition comprising apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent from the hair.

In another embodiment, a pigment is provided as part of a compositioncomprising a peptide-based body surface coloring reagent, for example ahair coloring composition. The composition comprising the pigment andthe body surface coloring reagent is applied to the hair for a timesufficient for the body surface coloring reagent, which is coupled tothe pigment through the pigment-binding peptide block, to bind to thehair, typically between about 5 seconds to about 60 minutes. Thecomposition comprising the pigment and the body surface coloring reagentmay be rinsed from the hair or left on the hair.

In any of the methods described above, the composition comprising apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent may be optionally reappliedto the hair after the application of the pigment and the initialapplication of the composition comprising a peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagent in order to further enhance the durability of thecolorant.

Additionally, in any of the methods described above, a compositioncomprising a polymeric sealant may be optionally applied to the hairafter the application of the pigment and the composition comprising apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent in order to further enhancethe durability of the colorant. The composition comprising the polymericsealant may be an aqueous solution or a hair care composition, such as aconditioner or rinse, comprising the polymeric sealant. Typically, thepolymeric sealant is present in the composition at a concentration ofabout 0.25% to about 10% by weight relative to the total weight of thecomposition. Polymeric sealants are well know in the art of personalcare products and include, but are not limited to, poly(allylamine),acrylates, acrylate copolymers, polyurethanes, carbomers, methicones,amodimethicones, polyethylenene glycol, beeswax, siloxanes, and thelike. The choice of polymeric sealant depends on the particular pigmentand the peptide-based body surface coloring reagent used. The optimumpolymeric sealant may be readily determined by one skilled in the artusing routine experimentation.

Methods for Coloring Skin

The peptide-based body surface coloring reagents of the invention may beused to attach a pigment to the surface of the skin, thereby coloringthe skin. The peptide-based body surface coloring reagent and thepigment may be applied to the skin from any suitable skin carecomposition, for example a skin colorant or skin conditionercomposition. These skin care compositions are well known in the art andsuitable compositions are described above.

In one embodiment, a pigment is applied to the skin for a timesufficient for the pigment to bind to the skin, typically between about5 seconds to about 60 minutes. Optionally, the skin may be rinsed toremove the pigment that has not bound to the skin. Then, a compositioncomprising a peptide-based body surface coloring reagent is applied tothe skin for a time sufficient for the body surface coloring reagent tobind to the skin and the pigment, typically between about 5 seconds toabout 60 minutes. The composition comprising the peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent may be rinsed from the skin or left on theskin.

In another embodiment, a composition comprising a peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent is applied to the skin for a time sufficientfor the skin-binding peptide block of the body surface coloring reagentto bind to the skin, typically between about 5 seconds to about 60minutes. Optionally, the skin may be rinsed to remove the compositionthat has not bound to the skin. Then, a pigment is applied to the skinfor a time sufficient for the pigment to bind to the pigment-bindingblock of the body surface coloring reagent, typically between about 5seconds to about 60 minutes. The unbound pigment may be rinsed from theskin or left on the skin.

In another embodiment, a pigment and a composition comprising apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent are applied to the skinconcomitantly for a time sufficient for the body surface coloringreagent to bind to skin and the pigment, typically between about 5seconds to about 60 minutes. Optionally, the skin may be rinsed toremove the unbound pigment and the composition comprising apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent from the skin.

In another embodiment, a pigment is provided as part of the compositioncomprising a peptide-based body surface coloring reagent, for example askin coloring composition. The composition comprising the pigment andthe body surface coloring reagent is applied to the skin for a timesufficient for the body surface coloring reagent, which is coupled tothe pigment through the pigment-binding block, to bind to the skin,typically between about 5 seconds to about 60 minutes. The compositioncomprising the pigment and the body surface coloring reagent may berinsed from the skin or left on the skin.

In any of the methods described above, the composition comprising apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent may be optionally reappliedto the skin after the application of the pigment and the initialapplication of the composition comprising a peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagent in order to further enhance the durability of thecolorant.

Additionally, in any of the methods described above, a compositioncomprising a polymeric sealant may be optionally applied to the skinafter the application of the pigment and the composition comprising apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent in order to further enhancethe durability of the colorant. Any of the polymeric sealants describedabove for hair coloring may be used in the form of an aqueous solutionor a skin care composition.

Methods for Coloring Nails, Eyebrows, Eyelashes, and Teeth

The methods described above for coloring hair and skin may also beapplied to coloring finger nails and toenails, eyebrows, eyelashes, andteeth by applying the appropriate composition, specifically, a nailpolish composition, a cosmetic composition, or an oral care composition,to the body surface of interest.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further defined in the following Examples. Itshould be understood that these Examples, while indicating preferredembodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only.From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art canascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changesand modifications of the invention to adapt it to various uses andconditions.

The meaning of abbreviations used is as follows: “min” means minute(s),“sec” means second(s), “h” means hour(s), “μL” means microliter(s), “mL”means milliliter(s), “L” means liter(s), “nm” means nanometer(s), “mm”means millimeter(s), “cm” means centimeter(s), “μm” means micrometer(s),“mM” means millimolar, “M” means molar, “mmol” means millimole(s),“μmole” means micromole(s), “g” means gram(s), “μg” means microgram(s),“mg” means milligram(s), “g” means the gravitation constant, “rpm” meansrevolutions per minute, “pfu” means plague forming unit, “BSA” meansbovine serum albumin, “ELISA” means enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,“IPTG” means isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside, “A” means absorbance,“A₄₅₀” means the absorbance measured at a wavelength of 450 nm, “OD₆₀₀”means the optical density measured at 600 nanometers, “TBS” meansTris-buffered saline, “TBST-X” means Tris-buffered saline containingTween® 20 where “X” is the weight percent of Tween® 20, “Xgal” means5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, “SEM” meansstandard error of the mean, “ESCA” means electron spectroscopy forchemical analysis, “eV” means electron volt(s), “TGA” meansthermogravimetric analysis, “GPC” means gel permeation chromatography,“MW” means molecular weight, “Mw” means weight-average molecular weight,“vol %” means volume percent, “wt %” means weight percent, “NMR” meansnuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, “MALDI mass spectrometry” meansmatrix assisted, laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, “atm”means atmosphere(s), “kPa” means kilopascal(s), “SLPM” means standardliter per minute, “psi” means pounds per square inch, “RCF” meansrelative centrifugal field.

General Methods:

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used in theExamples are well known in the art and are described by Sambrook, J.,Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, byT. J. Silhavy, M. L. Bennan, and L. W. Enquist, Experiments with GeneFusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1984,and by Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience, N.Y., 1987.

Materials and methods suitable for the maintenance and growth ofbacterial cultures are also well known in the art. Techniques suitablefor use in the following Examples may be found in Manual of Methods forGeneral Bacteriology, Phillipp Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murray, Ralph N.Costilow, Eugene W. Nester, Willis A. Wood, Noel R. Krieg and G. BriggsPhillips, eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.,1994, or by Thomas D. Brock in Biotechnology: A Textbook of IndustrialMicrobiology, Second Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland,Mass., 1989. All reagents, restriction enzymes and materials used forthe growth and maintenance of bacterial cells were obtained from AldrichChemicals (Milwaukee, Wis.), BD Diagnostic Systems (Sparks, Md.), LifeTechnologies (Rockville, Md.), or Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis,Mo.), unless otherwise specified.

Example 1 Selection of Hair-Binding Phage Peptides Using StandardBiopanning

The purpose of this Example was to identify hair-binding phage peptidesthat bind to normal hair and to bleached hair using standard phagedisplay biopanning.

Phage Display Peptide Libraries:

The phage libraries used in the present invention, Ph.D.-12™ PhageDisplay Peptide Library Kit and Ph.D.-7™ Phage Display Library Kit, werepurchased from New England BioLabs (Beverly, Mass.). These kits arebased on a combinatorial library of random peptide 7 or 12-mers fused toa minor coat protein (pill) of M13 phage. The displayed peptide isexpressed at the N-terminus of pill, such that after the signal peptideis cleaved, the first residue of the coat protein is the first residueof the displayed peptide. The Ph.D.-7 and Ph.D.-12 libraries consist ofapproximately 2.8×10⁹ and 2.7×10⁹ sequences, respectively. A volume of10 μL contains about 55 copies of each peptide sequence. Each initialround of experiments was carried out using the original library providedby the manufacturer in order to avoid introducing any bias into theresults.

Preparation of Hair Samples:

The samples used as normal hair were 6-inch medium brown human hairsobtained from International Hair Importers and Products (Bellerose,N.Y.). The hairs were placed in 90% isopropanol for 30 min at roomtemperature and then washed 5 times for 10 min each with deionizedwater. The hairs were air-dried overnight at room temperature.

To prepare the bleached hair samples, the medium brown human hairs wereplaced in 6% H₂O₂, which was adjusted to pH 10.2 with ammoniumhydroxide, for 10 min at room temperature and then washed 5 times for 10min each with deionized water. The hairs were air-dried overnight atroom temperature.

The normal and bleached hair samples were cut into 0.5 to 1 cm lengthsand about 5 to 10 mg of the hairs was placed into wells of a custom24-well biopanning apparatus that had a pig skin bottom. An equal numberof the pig skin bottom wells were left empty. The pig skin bottomapparatus was used as a subtractive procedure to remove phage-peptidesthat have an affinity for skin. This apparatus was created by modifyinga dot blot apparatus (obtained from Schleicher & Schuell, Keene, N.H.)to fit the biopanning process. Specifically, the top 96-well block ofthe dot blot apparatus was replaced by a 24-well block. A 4×6 inchtreated pig skin was placed under the 24-well block and panning wellswith a pig skin bottom were formed by tightening the apparatus. The pigskin was purchased from a local supermarket and stored at −80° C. Beforeuse, the skin was placed in deionized water to thaw, and then blotteddry using a paper towel. The surface of the skin was wiped with 90%isopropanol, and then rinsed with deionized water. The 24-well apparatuswas filled with blocking buffer consisting of 1 mg/mL BSA in TBSTcontaining 0.5% Tween® 20 (TBST-0.5%) and incubated for 1 h at 4° C. Thewells and hairs were washed 5 times with TBST-0.5%. One milliliter ofTBST-0.5% containing 1 mg/mL BSA was added to each well. Then, 10 μL ofthe original phage library (2×10¹¹ pfu), either the 12-mer or 7-merlibrary, was added to the pig skin bottom wells that did not contain ahair sample and the phage library was incubated for 15 min at roomtemperature. The unbound phages were then transferred to pig skin bottomwells containing the hair samples and were incubated for 15 min at roomtemperature. The hair samples and the wells were washed 10 times withTBST-0.5%. The hairs were then transferred to clean, plastic bottomwells of a 24-well plate and 1 mL of a non-specific elution bufferconsisting of 1 mg/mL BSA in 0.2 M glycine-HCl, pH 2.2, was added toeach well and incubated for 10 min to elute the bound phages. Then, 160μL of neutralization buffer consisting of 1 M Tris-HCl, pH 9.2, wasadded to each well. The eluted phages from each well were transferred toa new tube for titering and sequencing.

To titer the bound phages, the eluted phage was diluted with SM buffer(100 mM NaCl, 12.3 mM MgSO₄-7H₂O, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, and 0.01wt/vol % gelatin) to prepare 10-fold serial dilutions of 10¹ to 10⁴. A10 μL aliquot of each dilution was incubated with 200 μL of mid-logphase E. coli ER2738 (New England BioLabs), grown in LB medium for 20min and then mixed with 3 mL of agarose top (LB medium with 5 mM MgCl₂,and 0.7% agarose) at 45° C. This mixture was spread onto a S-Gal™/LBagar plate (Sigma Chemical Co.) and incubated overnight at 37° C. TheS-Gal™/LB agar blend contained 5 g of tryptone, 2.5 g of yeast extract,5 g of sodium chloride, 6 g of agar, 150 mg of3,4-cyclohexenoesculetin-β-D-galactopyranoside (S-Gal™), 250 mg offerric ammonium citrate and 15 mg of isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside(IPTG) in 500 mL of distilled water. The plates were prepared byautoclaving the S-Gal™/LB for 15 to 20 min at 121-124° C. The singleblack plaques were randomly picked for DNA isolation and sequenceanalysis.

The remaining eluted phages were amplified by incubating with diluted E.coli ER2738, from an overnight culture diluted 1:100 in LB medium, at37° C. for 4.5 h. After this time, the cell culture was centrifuged for30 s and the upper 80% of the supernatant was transferred to a freshtube, ⅙ volume of PEG/NaCl (20% polyethylene glyco-800, 2.5 M sodiumchloride) was added, and the phage was allowed to precipitate overnightat 4° C. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation at 10,000×g at4° C. and the resulting pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of TBS. This wasthe first round of amplified stock. The amplified first round phagestock was then titered according to the same method as described above.For the next round of biopanning, more than 2×10¹¹ pfu of phage stockfrom the first round was used. The biopanning process was repeated for 3to 6 rounds depending on the experiments.

The single plaque lysates were prepared following the manufacture'sinstructions (New England Biolabs) and the single stranded phage genomicDNA was purified using the QIAprep Spin M13 Kit (Qiagen, Valencia,Calif.) and sequenced at the DuPont Sequencing Facility using −96 gillsequencing primer (5′-CCCTCATAGTTAGCGTAACG-3′), given as SEQ ID NO:62.The displayed peptide is located immediately after the signal peptide ofgene III.

The amino acid sequences of the eluted normal hair-binding phagepeptides from the 12-mer library isolated from the fifth round ofbiopanning are given in Table 1. The amino acid sequences of the elutedbleached hair-binding phage peptides from the 12-mer library isolatedfrom the fifth round of biopanning are given in Table 2. Repeated aminoacid sequences of the eluted normal hair-binding phage peptides from the7-mer library from 95 randomly selected clones, isolated from the thirdround of biopanning, are given in Table 3. TABLE 1 Amino Acid Sequencesof Eluted Normal Hair- Binding Phage Peptides from 12-Mer Library AminoAcid Clone ID Sequence SEQ ID NO: Frequency¹ 1 RVPNKTVTVDGA 5 5 2DRHKSKYSSTKS 6 2 3 KNFPQQKEFPLS 7 2 4 QRNSPPAMSRRD 8 2 5 TRKPNMPHGQYL 92 6 KPPHLAKLPFTT 10 1 7 NKRPPTSHRIHA 11 1 8 NLPRYQPPCKPL 12 1 9RPPWKKPIPPSE 13 1 10 RQRPKDHFFSRP 14 1 11 SVPNKXVTVDGX 15 1 12TTKWRHRAPVSP 16 1 13 WLGKNRIKPRAS 17 1 14 SNFKTPLPLTQS 18 1 15SVSVGMKPSPRP 3 1¹The frequency represents the number of identical sequences thatoccurred out of 23 sequenced clones.

TABLE 2 Amino Acid Sequences of Eluted Bleached Hair- Binding PhagePeptides from 12-Mer Library Amino Acid Clone ID Sequence SEQ ID NO:Frequency¹ 1 KELQTRNVVQRE 19 8 2 QRNSPPAMSRRD 8 5 3 TPTANQFTQSVP 20 2 4AAGLSQKHERNR 21 2 5 ETVHQTPLSDRP 22 1 6 KNFPQQKEFPLS 7 1 7 LPALHIQRHPRM23 1 8 QPSHSQSHNLRS 24 1 9 RGSQKSKPPRPP 25 1 10 THTQKTPLLYYH 26 1 11TKGSSQAILKST 27 1¹The frequency represents the number of identical sequences thatoccurred out of 24 sequenced clones.

TABLE 3 Amino Acid Sequences of Eluted Normal Hair- Binding PhagePeptides from 7-Mer Library Clone ID Amino Acid Sequence SEQ ID NO: ADLHTVYH 28 B HIKPPTR 29 D HPVWPAI 30 F MPLYYLQ 31 F¹HLTVPWRGGGSAVPFYSHSQITLPNH 32 G¹ GPHDTSSGGVRPNLHHTSKKEKREN 33RKVPFYSHSVTSRGNV H KHPTYRQ 34 I HPMSAPR 35 J MPKYYLQ 36¹There was a multiple DNA fragment intersion in these clones.

Example 2 Selection of High Affinity Hair-Binding Phage Peptides Using aModified Method

The purpose of this Example was to identify hair-binding phage peptideswith a higher binding affinity.

The hairs that were treated with the acidic elution buffer, as describedin Example 1, were washed three more times with the elution buffer andthen washed three times with TBST-0.5%. These hairs, which had acidresistant phage peptides still attached, were used to directly infect500 μL of mid-log phase bacterial host cells, E. coli ER2738 (NewEngland BioLabs), which were then grown in LB medium for 20 min and thenmixed with 3 mL of agarose top (LB medium with 5 mM MgCl₂, and 0.7%agarose) at 45° C. This mixture was spread onto a LB medium/IPTG/S-Gal™plate (LB medium with 15 g/L agar, 0.05 g/L IPTG, and 0.04 g/L S-Gal™)and incubated overnight at 37° C. The black plaques were counted tocalculate the phage titer. The single black plaques were randomly pickedfor DNA isolation and sequencing analysis, as described in Example 1.This process was performed on the normal and bleached hair samples thatwere screened with the 7-mer and 12-mer phage display libraries, asdescribed in Example 1. The amino acid sequences of these high affinity,hair-binding phage peptides are given in Tables 4-7. TABLE 4 Amino AcidSequences of High Affinity, Normal Hair-Binding Phage Peptides from7-Mer Library Clone ID Amino Acid Sequence SEQ ID NO: D5 GPHDTSSGGVRPNL33 HHTSKKEKRENRKVP FYSHSVTSRGNV¹ A36 MHAHSIA 37 B41 TAATTSP 38¹There was a multiple DNA fragment intersion in this clone.

TABLE 5 Amino Acid Sequences of High Affinity, Bleached Hair-BindingPhage Peptides from 7-Mer Library Clone ID Amino Acid Sequence SEQ IDNO: D39 LGIPQNL 39 B1 TAATTSP 38

TABLE 6 Amino Acid Sequences of High Affinity, Normal Hair-Binding PhagePeptides from 12-Mer Library Clone ID Amino Acid Sequence SEQ ID NO: C2AKPISQHLQRGS 40 A3 APPTPAAASATT 41 F9 DPTEGARRTIMT 42 A19 EQISGSLVAAPW43 F4 LDTSFPPVPFHA 44 F35 LPRIANTWSPS 45 D21 RTNAADHPAAVT 46 C10SLNWVTIPGPKI 47 C5 TDMQAPTKSYSN 48 D20 TIMTKSPSLSCG 49 C18 TPALDGLRQPLR50 A20 TYPASRLPLLAP 51 C13 AKTHKHPAPSYS 52 G-D20 YPSFSPTYRPAF 53 A23TDPTPFSISPER 54 F67 SQNWQDSTSYSN 55 F91 WHDKPQNSSKST 56 G-F1LDVESYKGTSMP 4

TABLE 7 Amino Acid Sequences of High Affinity, Bleached Hair-BindingPhage Peptides from 12-Mer Library Clone ID Amino Acid Sequence SEQ IDNO: A5 EQISGSLVAAPW 43 C4 NEVPARNAPWLV 57 D30 NSPGYQADSVAIG 58 C44AKPISQHLQRGS 40 E66 LDTSFPPVPFHA 44 C45 SLNWVTIPGPKI 47 E18 TQDSAQKSPSPL59

Example 3 Selection of High Affinity Fingernail-Binding Phage Peptides

The purpose of this Example was to identify phage peptides that have ahigh binding affinity to fingernails. The modified biopanning methoddescribed in Example 2 was used to identify high affinity,fingernail-binding phage-peptide clones.

Human fingernails were collected from test subjects. The fingernailswere cleaned by brushing with soap solution, rinsed with deionizedwater, and allowed to air-dry at room temperature. The fingernails werethen powdered under liquid N₂, and 10 mg of the fingernails was added toeach well of a 96-well filter plate. The fingernail samples were treatedfor 1 h with blocking buffer consisting of 1 mg/mL BSA in TBST-0.5%, andthen washed with TBST-0.5%. The fingernail samples were incubated withphage library (Ph.D-12 Phage Display Peptide Library Kit), and washed 10times using the same conditions described in Example 1. After the acidicelution step, described in Example 1, the fingernail samples were washedthree more times with the elution buffer and then washed three timeswith TBST-0.5%. The acid-treated fingernails, which had acid resistantphage peptides still attached, were used to directly infect E. coliER2738 cells as described in Example 2. This biopanning process wasrepeated three times. A total of 75 single black phage plaques werepicked randomly for DNA isolation and sequencing analysis and tworepeated clones were identified. The amino acid sequences of these phagepeptides are listed in Table 8. These fingernail binding peptides werealso found to bind well to bleached hair. TABLE 8 Amino Acid Sequencesof High Affinity Fingernail-Binding Phage Peptides Amino Acid Clone IDSequence SEQ ID NO: Frequency¹ F01 ALPRIANTWSPS 60 15 D05 YPSFSPTYRPAF53 26¹The frequency represents the number of identical sequences thatoccurred out of 75 sequenced clones.

Example 4 Selection of High Affinity Skin-Binding Phage Peptides

The purpose of this Example was to identify phage peptides that have ahigh binding affinity to skin. The modified biopanning method describedin Examples 2 and 4 was used to identify the high affinity, skin-bindingphage-peptide clones. Pig skin served as a model for human skin in theprocess.

The pig skin was prepared as described in Example 1. Three rounds ofscreenings were performed with the custom, pig skin bottom biopanningapparatus using the same procedure described in Example 4. A total of 28single black phage plaques were picked randomly for DNA isolation andsequencing analysis and one repeated clone was identified. The aminoacid sequence of this phage peptide, which appeared 9 times out of the28 sequences, was TPFHSPENAPGS, given as SEQ ID NO:61.

Example 5 Quantitative Characterization of the Binding Affinity ofHair-Binding Phage Clones

The purpose of this Example was to quantify the binding affinity ofphage clones by titering and ELISA.

Titering of Hair-Binding Phage Clones:

Phage clones displaying specific peptides were used for comparing thebinding characteristics of different peptide sequences. A titer-basedassay was used to quantify the phage binding. This assay measures theoutput pfu retained by 10 mg of hair surfaces, having a signal to noiseratio of 10³ to 10⁴. The input for all the phage clones was 10¹⁴ pfu. Itshould be emphasized that this assay measures the peptide-expressingphage particle, rather than peptide binding.

Normal hairs were cut into 0.5 cm lengths and 10 mg of the cut hair wasplaced in each well of a 96-well filter plate (Qiagen). Then, the wellswere filled with blocking buffer containing 1 mg/mL BSA in TBST-0.5% andincubated for 1 h at 4° C. The hairs were washed 5 times with TBST-0.5%.The wells were then filled with 1 mL of TBST-0.5% containing 1 mg/mL BSAand then purified phage clones (10¹⁴ pfu) were added to each well. Thehair samples were incubated for 15 min at room temperature and thenwashed 10 times with TBST-0.5%. The hairs were transferred to a cleanwell and 1.0 mL of a non-specific elution buffer, consisting of 1 mg/mLBSA in 0.2 M Glycine-HCl at pH 2.2, was added to each well. The sampleswere incubated for 10 min and then 160 μL of neutralization buffer (1 MTris-HCl, pH 9.2) was added to each well. The eluted phages from eachwell were transferred to a new tube for titering and sequencinganalysis.

To titer the bound phages, the eluted phage was diluted with SM bufferto prepare 10-fold serial dilutions of 10¹ to 10⁸. A 10 μL aliquot ofeach dilution was incubated with 200 μL of mid-log phase E. coli ER2738(New England BioLabs), and grown in LB medium for 20 min and then mixedwith 3 mL of agarose top (LB medium with 5 mM MgCl₂, and 0.7% agarose)at 45° C. This mixture was spread onto a LB medium/IPTG/Xgal plate (LBmedium with 15 g/L agar, 0.05 g/L IPTG, and 0.04 g/L Xgal) and incubatedovernight at 37° C. The blue plaques were counted to calculate the phagetiters, which are given in Table 9. TABLE 9 Titer of Hair-Binding PhageClones Clone ID SEQ ID NO: Phage Titer A 28 7.50 × 10⁴ B 29 1.21 × 10⁵ D30 8.20 × 10⁴ E 31 1.70 × 10⁵ F 32 1.11 × 10⁶ G 33 1.67 × 10⁸ H 34 1.30× 10⁶ 1 35 1.17 × 10⁶ J 36 1.24 × 10⁶Characterization of Hair-Binding Phage Clones by ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate thehair-binding specificity of selected phage-peptide clones. Phage-peptideclones identified in Examples 1 and 2 along with a randomly chosencontrol G-F9, KHGPDLLRSAPR (given as SEQ ID NO:63) were amplified. Morethan 10¹⁴ pfu phages were added to pre-blocked hair surfaces. The sameamount of phages was also added to pre-blocked pig skin surfaces as acontrol to demonstrate the hair-binding specificity.

A unique hair or pig skin-bottom 96-well apparatus was created byapplying one layer of Parafilm® under the top 96-well block of aMinifold I Dot-Blot System (Schleicher & Schuell, Inc., Keene, N.H.),adding hair or a layer of hairless pig skin on top of the Parafilm®cover, and then tightening the apparatus. For each clone to be tested,the hair-covered well was incubated for 1 h at room temperature with 200μL of blocking buffer, consisting of 2% non-fat dry milk (Schleicher &Schuell, Inc.) in TBS. A second Minifold system with pig skin at thebottom of the wells was treated with blocking buffer simultaneously toserve as a control. The blocking buffer was removed by inverting thesystems and blotting them dry with paper towels. The systems were rinsed6 times with wash buffer consisting of TBST-0.05%. The wells were filledwith 200 μL of TBST-0.5% containing 1 mg/mL BSA and then 10 μL (over10¹² copies) of purified phage stock was added to each well. The sampleswere incubated at 37° C. for 15 min with slow shaking. The non-bindingphage was removed by washing the wells 10 to 20 times with TBST-0.5%.Then, 100 μL of horseradish peroxidase/anti-M13 antibody conjugate(Amersham USA, Piscataway, N.J.), diluted 1:500 in the blocking buffer,was added to each well and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Theconjugate solution was removed and the wells were washed 6 times withTBST-0.05%. TMB substrate (200 μL), obtained from Pierce Biotechnology(Rockford, Ill.) was added to each well and the color was allowed todevelop for between 5 to 30 min, typically for 10 min, at roomtemperature. Then, stop solution (200 μL of 2 M H₂SO₄) was added to eachwell and the solution was transferred to a 96-well plate and the A₄₅₀was measured using a microplate spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices,Sunnyvale, Calif.). The resulting absorbance values, reported as themean of at least three replicates, and the standard error of the mean(SEM) are given in Table 10. TABLE 10 Results of ELISA Assay with Skinand Hair SEQ ID Hair Pig Skin Clone ID NO: A₄₅₀ SEM A₄₅₀ SEM G-F9 630.074 0.057 −0.137 0.015 (Control) D21 46 1.051 0.16 0.04 0.021 D39 390.685 0.136 0.086 0.019 D5 33 0.652 0.222 0.104 0.023 A36 37 0.585 0.2220.173 0.029 C5 48 0.548 0.263 0.047 0.037 C10 47 0.542 0.105 0.032 0.012A5 43 0.431 0.107 0.256 0.022 B1 38 0.42 0.152 0.127 0.023 D30 58 0.4140.119 0.287 0.045 C13 52 0.375 0.117 0.024 0.016 C18 50 0.34 0.197 0.1320.023

As can be seen from the data in Table 10, all the hair-binding cloneshad a significantly higher binding affinity for hair than the control.Moreover, the hair-binding clones exhibited various degrees ofselectivity for hair compared to pig skin. Clone D21 had the highestselectivity for hair, having a very strong affinity for hair and a verylow affinity for pig skin.

Example 6 Confirmation of Peptide Binding Specificity and Affinity

The purpose of this Example was to test the peptide binding sitespecificity and affinity of the hair-binding peptide D21 using acompetition ELISA. The ELISA assay only detects phage particles thatremain bound to the hair surface. Therefore, if the synthetic peptidecompetes with the phage particle for the same binding site on hairsurface, the addition of the synthetic peptide into the ELISA systemwill significantly reduce the ELISA results due to the peptidecompetition.

The synthetic hair-binding peptide D21, given as SEQ ID NO:46, wassynthesized by SynPep (Dublin, Calif.). As a control, an unrelatedsynthetic skin-binding peptide, given as SEQ ID NO:61, was added to thesystem. The experimental conditions were similar to those used in theELISA method described in Example 5. Briefly, 100 μL of Binding Buffer(1×TBS with 0.1% Tween®20 and 1 mg/mL BSA) and 10¹¹ pfu of the pure D21phage particles were added to each well of the 96-well filter plate,which contained a sample of normal hair. The synthetic peptide (100 μg)was added to each well (corresponding to concentration of 0.8 mM). Thereactions were carried out at room temperature for 1 h with gentleshaking, followed by five washes with TBST-0.5%. The remaining stepswere identical to the those used in the ELISA method described inExample 5. The ELISA results, presented as the absorbance at 450 nm(A₄₅₀), are shown in Table 11. Each individual ELISA test was performedin triplicate; the values in Table 11 are the means of the triplicatedeterminations. TABLE 11 Results of Peptide Competition ELISA SampleA₄₅₀ SEM Antibody-Conjugate 0.199 0.031 Phage D21 1.878 0.104 Phage D21and D21 1.022 0.204 Peptide Phage D21 and 2.141 0.083 Control Peptide

These results demonstrated that the synthetic peptide D21 does competewith the phage clone D21 for the same binding sites on the hair surface.

Example 7 Selection of Shampoo-Resistant Hair-Binding Phage-PeptidesUsing Biopanning

The purpose of this Example was to select shampoo-resistant hair-bindingphage-peptides using biopanning with shampoo washes.

In order to select shampoo-resistant hair-binding peptides, a biopanningexperiment using 12-mer phage peptide libraries against normal andbleached hairs was performed, as described in Example 2. Instead ofusing normal TBST buffer to wash-off the unbounded phages, thephage-complexed hairs were washed with 10%, 30% and 50% shampoosolutions (Pantene Pro-V shampoo, Sheer Volume, Proctor & Gamble,Cincinnati, Ohio), for 5 min in separate tubes, followed by six TBSbuffer washes. The washed hairs were directly used to infect hostbacterial cells as described in the modified biopanning method,described in Example 2.

A potential problem with this method is the effect of the shampoo on thephage's ability to infect bacterial host cells. In a control experiment,a known amount of phage particles was added to a 10% shampoo solutionfor 5 min, and then a portion of the solution was used to infectbacterial cells. The titer of the shampoo-treated phage was 90% lowerthan that of the untreated phage. The 30% and 50% shampoo treatmentsgave even more severe damage to the phage's ability to infect hostcells. Nevertheless, two shampoo-resistant hair-binding phage-peptideswere identified, as shown in Table 12. TABLE 12 Peptide Sequences ofShampoo-Resistant Hair- binding Phage Peptides Identified Using theBiopanning Method Clone Sequence Target SEQ ID NO: I-B5 TPPELLHGDPRSNormal and 66 Bleached Hair H-B1 TPPTNVLMLATK Normal Hair 69

Example 8 Selection of Shampoo-Resistant Hair-Binding Phage-PeptidesUsing PCR

The purpose of this Example was to select shampoo-resistant hair-bindingphage-peptides using a PCR method to avoid the problem of shampooinduced damage to the phage. This principle of the PCR method is thatDNA fragments inside the phage particle can be recovered using PCR,regardless of the phage's viability, and that the recovered DNAfragments, corresponding to the hair-binding peptide sequences, can thenbeen cloned back into a phage vector and packaged into healthy phageparticles.

Biopanning experiments were performed using 7-mer and 12-merphage-peptide libraries against normal and bleached hairs, as describedin Example 1. After the final wash, the phage-treated hairs weresubjected to 5 min of shampoo washes, followed by six TBS buffer washes.The shampoo-washed hairs were put into a new tube filled with 1 mL ofwater, and boiled for 15 min to release the DNA. This DNA-containing,boiled solution was used as a DNA template for PCR reactions. Theprimers used in the PCR reaction were primers: M13KE-1412 Forward5′-CAAGCCTCAGCGACCGAATA-3′, given as SEQ ID NO:67 and M13KE-1794 Reverse5′-CGTAACACTGAGTTTCGTCACCA-3′, given SEQ ID NO:68. The PCR conditionswere: 3 min denaturing at 96° C., followed by 35 cycles of 94° C. for 30sec, 50° C. for 30 sec and 60° C. for 2 min. The PCR products (˜400 bp),and M13KE vector (New England BioLabs) were digested with restrictionenzymes Eag I and Acc65 I. The ligation and transformation conditions,as described in the Ph.D.™ Peptide Display Cloning System (New EnglandBiolabs), were used. The amino acid sequence of the resultingshampoo-resistant hair-binding phage-peptide is NTSQLST, given as SEQ IDNO:70.

Example 9 Determination of the Affinity of Hair-Binding and Skin-BindingPeptides

The purpose of this Example was to determine the affinity of thehair-binding and skin-binding peptides for their respective substrates,measured as MB₅₀ values, using an ELISA assay.

Hair-binding and skin-binding peptides were synthesized by SynPep Inc.(Dublin, Calif.). The peptides were biotinylated by adding abiotinylated lysine residue at the C-terminus of the amino acid bindingsequences for detection purposes and an amidated cysteine was added tothe C-terminus of the sequence. The amino acid sequences of the peptidestested are given as SEQ ID NOs:71-74, as shown in Table 13.

For hair samples, the procedure used was as follows. The setup of thesurface specific 96-well system used was the same as that described inExample 5. Briefly, the 96-wells with hair or pig skin surfaces wereblocked with blocking buffer (SuperBlock™ from Pierce Chemical Co.,Rockford, Ill.) at room temperature for 1 h, followed by six washes withTBST-0.5%, 2 min each, at room temperature. Various concentrations ofbiotinylated, binding peptide were added to each well, incubated for 15min at 37° C., and washed six times with TBST-0.5%, 2 min each, at roomtemperature. Then, streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate(Pierce Chemical Co.) was added to each well (1.0 μg per well), andincubated for 1 h at room temperature. After the incubation, the wellswere washed six times with TBST-0.5%, 2 min each at room temperature.Finally, the color development and the measurement were performed asdescribed in Example 5.

For the measurement of MB₅₀ of the peptide-skin complexes, the followingprocedure was used. First, the pigskin was treated to block theendogenous biotin in the skin. This was done by adding streptavidin tothe blocking buffer. After blocking the pigskin sample, the skin wastreated with D-biotin to block the excess streptavidin binding sites.The remaining steps were identical to those used for the hair samples.

The results were plotted as A₄₅₀ versus the concentration of peptideusing GraphPad Prism 4.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.).The MB₅₀ values were calculated from Scatchard plots and are summarizedin Table 13. The results demonstrate that the binding affinity of thehair-binding peptides (D21, F35, and I-B5) and the skin binding peptide(SEQW ID NO:61) for their respective substrate was high, while thebinding affinity of the hair-binding peptides (D-21 and I-B5) for skinwas relatively low. TABLE 13 Summary of MB₅₀ Values for Hair andSkin-Binding Peptides Peptide Sequence Binding Peptide Tested* SubstrateMB_(50,) M D21 SEQ ID NO: 71 Normal Hair 2 × 10⁻⁶ F35 SEQ ID NO: 72Bleached Hair 3 × 10⁻⁶ I-B5 SEQ ID NO: 73 Normal and 3 × 10⁻⁷ BleachedHair D21 SEQ ID NO: 71 Pig Skin 4 × 10⁻⁵ I-B5 SEQ ID NO: 73 Pig Skin >1× 10⁻⁴  SEQ ID NO: 61 SEQ ID NO: 74 Pig Skin 7 × 10⁻⁷*The peptides tested were biotinylated at the C-terminus of the aminoacid binding sequences and an amidated cysteine was added to theC-terminus of the binding sequence.

Example 10 Selection of Tooth-Binding Peptides Using Biopanning

The purpose of this prophetic Example is to describe how to identifyphage peptides that bind to teeth with high affinity.

Extracted human teeth, which may be obtained from a Dental Office, arecleaned by brushing with soap solution, rinsed with deionized water, andallowed to air-dry at room temperature. The teeth are placed in a 15 mLcentrifuge tube (Corning Inc., Acton, Mass.), one tooth per tube. Theteeth samples are treated for 1 h with blocking buffer consisting of 1mg/mL BSA in TBST-0.5%, and then washed with TBST-0.5%. The teethsamples are incubated with the phage library (Ph.D-12 Phage DisplayPeptide Library Kit) and washed 10 times using the same conditionsdescribed in Example 1. After the acidic elution step, described inExample 1, the teeth samples are washed three more times with theelution buffer and then washed three times with TBST-0.5%. Theacid-treated teeth, which have acid resistant phage peptides stillattached, are used to directly infect E. coli ER2738 cells as describedin Example 2. The amplified and isolated phages are contacted with afresh tooth sample and the biopanning procedure is repeated two moretimes. After the third round of biopanning, the acid-treated teeth areused to directly infect E. coli ER2738 cells, and the cells are culturedas described in Example 1. Single black plaques are randomly picked forDNA isolation and sequence analysis. The single plaque lysates areprepared following the manufacture's instructions (New England Biolabs)and the single stranded phage genomic DNA is purified using the QIAprepSpin M13 Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) and sequenced using −96 gillsequencing primer, as described in Example 1.

The identified peptide sequences will have a binding affinity for teeth.The binding specificity and affinity of the identified tooth-bindingpeptides is determined as described in Example 6.

Examples 11-16 Hair Coloring Using Triblock Peptide-Based Body SurfaceColoring Reagents

The purpose of these Examples was to demonstrate the coloring of hairusing triblock peptide-based body surface coloring reagents incombination with a carbon black pigment. The triblock peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagents used consisted of an empirically generatedhair-binding peptide, a proline spacer, and a carbon black-bindingpeptide.

The sequences of the triblock peptide-based body surface coloringreagents used in these Examples are given in Table 14. Thesepeptide-based reagents were obtained from SynPep (Dublin, Calif.). TABLE14 Sequences of Triblock Peptide-Based Body Surface Coloring ReagentsExample Peptide Sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 FHENWPS (carbon black- 138binding peptide) - PPP (spacer) - KKKK (hair- binding peptide) 12FHENWPS (carbon black- 139 binding peptide) - PPP (spacer) - HHHH (hair-binding peptide) 13 FHENWPS (carbon black- 140 binding peptide) - PPP(spacer) - RRRR (hair- binding peptide) 14 WHLSWSPVPLPT (carbon 141black-binding peptide) - PPP (spacer) - KKKK (hair-binding peptide) 15WHLSWSPVPLPT (carbon 142 black-binding peptide) - PPP (spacer) - HHHH(hair-binding peptide) 16 WHLSWSPVPLPT (carbon 143 black-bindingpeptide) - PPP (spacer) - RRRR (hair-binding peptide)

A 3 wt % solution of the peptide-based body surface coloring reagent tobe tested was prepared by dissolving the appropriate amount of thepeptide in water. To this aqueous peptide solution was added 1.5 mL of aself-dispersed carbon black pigment dispersion containing 14 wt %solids, prepared as described by Yeh et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,852,156,Example 1. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h.

A natural white hair swatch, obtained from International Hair Importers,was immersed in the mixture with agitation for 30 min. After this time,the hair swatch was removed from the mixture, allowed to air dry, andthen was rinsed with water to remove the unbound pigment. As a control,hair was colored using the same procedure using the carbon black pigmentwithout the peptide reagent. For all the peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagents tested, the color of the hair was significantly darkerblack after the water rinse than the control hair sample that wascolored without the peptide-based body surface coloring reagent.

Examples 17-20 Biological Production of Triblock Peptide-Based BodySurface Coloring Reagents

The purpose of these Examples was to prepare peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagents using recombinant DNA and molecular cloningtechniques. The peptide-based body surface coloring reagents weretriblock structures comprised of hair-binding peptide sequences, andcarbon black-binding peptide sequences, separated by peptide spacers.The peptides were expressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies. Additionalamino acid sequences (i.e., peptide tags) were fused to thepeptide-based body surface coloring reagent sequences in order topromote inclusion body formation.

Construction of Production Strains

The sequences of the peptide-based body surface coloring reagents aregiven in Table 15. DNA sequences were designed to encode these peptidesusing favorable codons for E. coli and avoiding sequence repeats andmRNA secondary structure. The gene DNA sequence was designed by DNA 2.0,Inc. (Menlo Park, Calif.) using proprietary software which is describedby Gustafsson et al. (Trends in Biotechnol. 22(7):346-355 (2004)). Ineach case the sequence encoding the amino acid sequence was followed bytwo termination codons and a recognition site for endonuclease AscI. TheGS amino acid sequence at the N-terminus was encoded by a recognitionsite for endonuclease BamHI (GGA/TCC). The DNA sequences are given bySEQ ID NOs:148-151. TABLE 15 Sequences of Triblock Peptide-Based BodySurface Coloring Reagents Peptide DNA SEQ ID SEQ Example PeptideSequence NO: ID NO: 17 DPG (spacer) - WHLSWSPVPLPT (carbon 144 148black-binding peptide) - GGAGAGG (spacer) - WHLSWSPVPLPT (carbonblack-binding peptide) - AGGTSTSKASTT TTSSKTTTTSSKTTTTTSKTSTTSSSSTGGA(spacer) - HEHKNQKETHQRHAA (hair- binding peptide) - GQGGYGGLGSQGAGRGGLGGQG (spacer) - HEHKNQKETHQRHAA (hair-binding peptide) - GGKK (spacer)18 GSDPG (spacer) - WHLSWSPVPLPT (carbon 145 149 black-bindingpeptide) - GGAGGAG (spacer) - WHLSWSPVPLPT (carbon black-bindingpeptide) - GGTSTSKASTTT TSSKTTTTSSKTTTTTSKTSTTSSSSTGG (spacer) - NTSQLST(hair-binding peptide) - GSGGQGG (spacer) - NTSQLST (hair-bindingpeptide) - GGPKK (spacer) 19 GSDPG (spacer) - TPPELLHGAPRS (hair- 146150 binding peptide) - GGAGGAG (spacer) - WHLSWSPVPLPT (carbonblack-binding peptide) - GK (spacer) 20 GSDPG (spacer) - TPPELLHGAPRS(hair- 147 151 binding peptide) - GGAGGAG (spacer) - TPPELLHGAPRS(hair-binding peptide) - GGAGGAV (spacer) - WHLSWSPVPLPT (carbonblack-binding peptide) - GGAGGAG (spacer) - WHLSWSPVPLPT (carbonblack-binding peptide) - GK (spacer)

Genes were assembled from synthetic oligonucleotides and cloned into astandard plasmid cloning vector by DNA 2.0, Inc. Sequences were verifiedby DNA sequencing by DNA 2.0, Inc.

The synthetic genes were excised from the cloning vector with theendonuclease restriction enzymes BamHI and AscI and ligated into anexpression vector using standard recombinant DNA methods. The vectorpKSIC4-HC77623 was derived from the commercially available vectorpDEST17 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). It includes sequences derivedfrom the commercially available vector pET31b (Novagen, Madison, Wis.)that encode a fragment of the enzyme ketosteroid isomerase (KSI). TheKSI fragment was included as a fusion partner to promote partition ofthe peptides into insoluble inclusion bodies in E. coli. TheKSI-encoding sequence from pET31b was modified using standardmutagenesis procedures (QuickChange II, Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) toinclude three additional Cys codons, in addition to the one Cys codonfound in the wild type KSI sequence. The plasmid pKSIC4-HC77623, givenby SEQ ID NO:152 and shown in FIG. 1, was constructed using standardrecombinant DNA methods, which are well known to those skilled in theart.

The DNA sequences encoding the peptide-based body surface coloringreagents (Table 15) were inserted into pKSIC4-HC77623 by substitutingfor sequences in the vector between the BamHI and AscI sites. PlasmidDNA containing the peptide encoding sequences and vector DNA weredigested with endonuclease restriction enzymes BamHI and AscI, then thepeptide-encoding sequences and vector DNA were mixed and ligated byphage T4 DNA ligase using standard DNA cloning procedures, which arewell known to those skilled in the art. Correct constructs, in which thesequences encoding the peptide-based body surface coloring reagents wererespectively inserted into pKSIC4-HC77623, were identified byrestriction analysis and verified by DNA sequencing, using standardmethods.

In these constructs, the sequences encoding the peptides of interestwere substituted for those encoding HC77623. These sequences wereoperably linked to the bacteriophage T7 gene 10 promoter and expressedas a fusion protein, fused with the variant KSI partner.

To test the expression of the peptide-based reagents, the expressionplasmids were transformed into the BL21-AI E. coli strain (Invitrogen,catalog no. C6070-03). To produce the recombinant fusion peptides, 50 mLof LB-ampicillin broth (10 g/L bacto-tryptone, 5 g/L bacto-yeastextract, 10 g/L NaCl, 100 mg/L ampicillin, pH 7.0) was inoculated withthe transformed bacteria and the culture was shaken at 37° C. until theOD₆₀₀ reached 0.6. The expression was induced by adding 0.5 mL of 20 wt% L-arabinose to the culture and shaking was continued for another 4 h.Analysis of the cell protein by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisdemonstrated the production of the fusion peptides.

Fermentation:

The recombinant E. coli strains, described above, were grown in a 6-Lfermentation, which was run in batch mode initially, and then infed-batch mode. The composition of the fermentation medium is given inTable 16. The pH of the fermentation medium was 6.7. The fermentationmedium was sterilized by autoclaving, after which the followingsterilized components were added: thiamine hydrochloride (4.5 mg/L),glucose (22.1 g/L), trace elements, see Table 17 (10 mL/L), ampicillin(100 mg/L), and inoculum (seed) (125 mL). The pH was adjusted as neededusing ammonium hydroxide (20 vol %) or phosphoric acid (20 vol %). Theadded components were sterilized either by autoclaving or filtration.TABLE 16 Composition of Fermentation Medium Component ConcentrationKH₂PO₄ 9 g/L (NH₄)₂HPO₄ 4 g/L MgSO₄•7H₂O 1.2 g/L Citric Acid 1.7 g/LYeast extract 5.0 g/L Mazu DF 204 Antifoam 0.1 mL/L

TABLE 17 Trace Elements Component Concentration, mg/L EDTA 840 CoCl₂•H₂O250 MnCl₂•4H₂O 1500 CuCl₂•2H₂O 150 H₃BO₃ 300 Na₂MoO₄•2H₂O 250Zn(CH₃COO)₂•H₂O 1300 Ferric citrate 10000

The operating conditions for the fermentations are summarized in Table18. The initial concentration of glucose was 22.1 g/L. When the initialresidual glucose was depleted, a pre-scheduled, exponential glucose feedwas initiated starting the fed-batch phase of the fermentation run. Theglucose feed (see Tables 19 and 20) contained 500 g/L of glucose and wassupplemented with 5 g/L of yeast extract. The components of the feedmedium were sterilized either by autoclaving or filtration. The goal wasto sustain a specific growth rate of 0.13 h⁻¹, assuming a yieldcoefficient (biomass to glucose) of 0.25 g/g, and to maintain the aceticacid levels in the fermentation vessel at very low values (i.e., lessthan 0.2 g/L). The glucose feed continued until the end of the run.Induction was initiated with a bolus of 2 g/L of L-arabinose at theselected time (i.e., 15 h of elapsed fermentation time). A bolus todeliver 5 g of yeast extract per liter of fermentation broth was addedto the fermentation vessel at the following times: 1 h prior toinduction, at induction time, and 1 h after induction time. Thefermentation run was terminated after 19.97 h of elapsed fermentationtime, and 4.97 h after the induction time. TABLE 18 FermentationOperating Conditions Condition Initial Minimum Maximum Stirring 220 rpm220 rpm 1200 rpm Air Flow 3 SLPM 3 SLPM 30 SLPM Temperature 37° C. 37°C. 37° C. pH 6.7 6.7 6.7 Pressure 0.500 atm 0.500 atm 0.500 atm (50.7kPa) (50.7 kPa) (50.7 kPa) Dissolved O₂* 20% 20% 20%*Cascade stirrer, then air flow.

TABLE 19 Composition of Feed Medium Component Concentration MgSO₄•7H₂O2.0 g/L Glucose 500 g/L Ampicillin 150 mg/L (NH₄)₂HPO₄ 4 g/L KH₂PO₄ 9g/L Yeast extract 5.0 g/L Trace Elements - Feed (Table 5) 10 mL/L

TABLE 20 Trace Elements - Feed Component Concentration, mg/L EDTA 1300CoCl₂•H₂O 400 MnCl₂•4H₂O 2350 CuCl₂•2H₂O 250 H₃BO₃ 500 Na₂MoO₄•2H₂O 400Zn(CH₃COO)₂•H₂O 1600 Ferric citrate 4000Isolation and Purification of Peptides:

After completion of the fermentation run, the entire fermentation brothwas passed three times through an APV model 2000 Gaulin type homogenizerat 12,000 psi (82,700 kPa). The broth was cooled to below 5° C. prior toeach homogenization. The homogenized broth was immediately processedthrough a Westfalia WhisperFuge™ (Westfalia Separator Inc., Northvale,N.J.) stacked disc centrifuge at 600 mL/min and 12,000 RCF to separateinclusion bodies from suspended cell debris and dissolved impurities.The recovered paste was re-suspended at 15 g/L (dry basis) in water andthe pH was adjusted to a value between 8.0 and 10.0 using NaOH. The pHwas chosen to help remove cell debris from the inclusion bodies withoutdissolving the inclusion body proteins. The suspension was passedthrough the APV 2000 Gaulin type homogenizer at 12,000 psi (82,700 kPa)for a single pass to provide rigorous mixing. The homogenized high pHsuspension was immediately processed in a Westfalia WhisperFuge™ stackeddisc centrifuge at 600 mL/min and 12,000 RCF to separate the washedinclusion bodies from suspended cell debris and dissolved impurities.The recovered paste was resuspended at 15 gm/L (dry basis) in purewater. The suspension was passed through the APV 2000 Gaulin typehomogenizer at 12,000 psi (82,700 kPa) for a single pass to providerigorous washing. The homogenized suspension was immediately processedin a Westfalia WhisperFuge™ stacked disc centrifuge at 600 mL/min and12,000 RCF to separate the washed inclusion bodies from residualsuspended cell debris and NaOH.

The recovered paste was resuspended in pure water at 25 g/L (dry basis)and the pH of the mixture was adjusted to 2.2 using HCl. If the peptidebeing recovered contained cysteine residues, dithiothreitol (DTT, 10 mM)was added to break disulfide bonds. The acidified suspension was heatedto 70° C. for 5 to 14 h to complete cleavage of the DP site separatingthe fusion peptide from the product peptide without damaging the targetpeptide. The product slurry was adjusted to pH 5.1 (note: the pH usedhere may vary depending on the solubility of the peptide beingrecovered) using NaOH and then was cooled to 5° C. and held for 12 h.The mixture was centrifuged at 9000 RCF for 30 min and the supernatantwas decanted. The supernatant was then filtered with a 0.2 μm membrane.For some low solubility peptides, multiple washes of the pellet wererequired to increase peptide recovery.

The filtered product was pH adjusted to 2.0 and mixed with sufficientacetonitrile to yield a solution that was 10 vol % acetonitrile in orderto stabilize the samples. This solution was loaded in a 22×250 mm or a50×250 mm reverse phase chromatography column containing 10 to 15 μm C18media which was preconditioned with 10 vol % acetonitrile, 90 vol %water with 0.1 vol % trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The product wasrecovered in a purified state by eluting the column with a gradient ofwater and acetonitrile, ramping from 10 vol % to 40 vol % acetonitrilein water with TFA at 0.1 vol %. The eluent containing the productpeptide was collected and concentrated by vacuum evaporation by a factorof 2:1 before lyophilization. Spectrophotometric detection at 220 and278 nm was used to monitor and track elution of the product peptide.

Example 21 Hair Coloring Using a Triblock Peptide-Based Body SurfaceColoring Reagent

The purpose of this Example was to demonstrate the coloring of hairusing a triblock peptide-based body surface coloring reagent incombination with a carbon black pigment. The color retention wasquantified using a spectrophotometric measurement technique.

A self-dispersed carbon black pigment dispersion containing 14 wt %solids, prepared as described by Yeh et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,852,156,Example 1, was diluted 1:10 with water. Twenty-five milligrams of thepeptide-based body surface coloring reagent given as SEQ ID NO:147,(Example 20) was dissolved in 5 g of water. Then, 10 g of the dilutedcarbon black pigment dispersion was slowly added to the peptide solutionand the solution was mixed for at least 60 min.

A natural white hair swatch, obtained from International Hair Importers,was immersed in the mixture with agitation for 30 min. After this time,the hair swatch was removed from the mixture, allowed to air dry, andthen was rinsed with water to remove the unbound pigment. As a control,hair was colored using the same procedure using the carbon black pigmentwithout the peptide reagent.

The color intensity after the water rinse was measured using a X-Rite®SP78™ Sphere Spectrophotometer (X-Rite, Inc., Grandville, Mich.), byplacing the colored hair sample into the photosensor and calculating L*,a* and b* parameters representing the photometer response. An initialbaseline L* value was measured for the uncolored hair and allmeasurements were the average of five individual determinations. Delta Evalues were calculated using equation 1 below:Delta E=((L* ₁ −L* ₂)²+(a ₁ −a ₂)²+(b ₁ −b ₂)²)^(1/2)  (1)

where L*=the lightness variable and a* and b* are the chromaticitycoordinates of CIELAB colorspace as defined by the InternationalCommission of Illumination (CIE) (Minolta, Precise ColorCommunication—Color Control From Feeling to Instrumentation, MinoltaCamera Co., 1996). Larger Delta E value are indicative of better colorretention. The results are summarized in Table 21. TABLE 21 Results ofColor Retention After Water Rinse Sample Delta E Peptide-based bodysurface 31.4 coloring reagent plus pigment Control, pigment alone 18.2

As can be seen from the data in Table 21, the color retention after thewater rinse was significantly higher for the sample treated with thepeptide-based body surface coloring reagent and the pigment than withthe control sample, which was treated with only the pigment.

1. A diblock, peptide-based body surface coloring reagent having thegeneral structure [(BSBP)_(m)−(PBP)_(n)]_(x), wherein a) BSBP is a bodysurface binding peptide; b) PBP is a pigment-binding peptide; and c) m,n, and x independently range from 1 to about
 10. 2. A triblock,peptide-based body surface coloring reagent having the general structure[[(BSBP)_(m)−S_(q)]_(x)−[(PBP)_(n)−S_(r)]_(z)]y, wherein a) BSBP is abody surface binding peptide; b) PBP is a pigment-binding peptide; c) Sis a molecular spacer; and d) m, n, x and z independently range from 1to about 10, y is from 1 to about 5, and where q and r are eachindependently 0 or 1, provided that both r and q may not be
 0. 3. Apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent according to claim 1 or 2wherein either one of or both the body surface binding peptide and thepigment-binding peptide is generated combinatorially by a processselected from the group consisting of phage display, yeast display,bacteria display and combinatorial solid phase peptide synthesis.
 4. Apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent according to claim 3 whereinthe body surface binding peptide is from about 7 to about 50 aminoacids.
 5. A peptide-based body surface coloring reagent according toclaim 1 or 2 wherein the body surface binding peptide is generatedempirically.
 6. A peptide-based body surface coloring reagent accordingto claim 1 or 2 wherein the body surface binding peptide binds to bodysurfaces selected from the group consisting of, nails, teeth, gums,skin, and tissues of the oral cavity.
 7. A peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagent according to claim 6 wherein the body surface-bindingpeptide is from about 7 to about 25 amino acids and has a bindingaffinity for a body surface, measured as MB₅₀, equal to or less than10⁻⁵ M.
 8. A peptide-based body surface coloring reagent according toclaim 6 wherein the body surface comprises an epithelial cell layer. 9.A peptide-based body surface coloring reagent according to claim 8wherein the body surface comprises an endothelial cell layer.
 10. Apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent according to claim 1 orwherein the body surface binding peptide is a hair-binding peptideselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 58, 59, 60, 64, 66, 69, 70, 75, 105, 106, 107,108, 109, 153, 154, 155, and
 156. 11. A peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagent according to claim 1 or wherein the body surfacebinding peptide is a skin-binding peptide selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 61, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, and
 104. 12. Apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent according to claim 1 or 2wherein the body surface binding peptide is a nail-binding peptideselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NOs:7, 8, 19-27,38-40, 43, 44, 47, 53, 57, 58, 59 and
 60. 13. A peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent according to claim 1 or 2 wherein thepigment-binding peptide is from about 5 to about 50 amino acids.
 14. Apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent according to claim 1 orwherein the pigment-binding peptide has affinity for a pigment selectedfrom the group consisting of D&C Red No. 36, D&C Red No. 30, D&C OrangeNo. 17, Green 3 Lake, Ext. Yellow 7 Lake, Orange 4 Lake, Red 28 Lake;the calcium lakes of D&C Red Nos. 7, 11, 31 and 34, the barium lake ofD&C Red No. 12, the strontium lake D&C Red No. 13, the aluminum lakes ofFD&C Yellow No. 5, of FD&C Yellow No. 6, of FD&C No. 40, of D&C Red Nos.21, 22, 27, and 28, of FD&C Blue No. 1, of D&C Orange No. 5, of D&CYellow No. 10; the zirconium lake of D&C Red No. 33; Cromophthal®Yellow, Sunfast® Magenta, Sunfast® Blue, iron oxides, calcium carbonate,aluminum hydroxide, calcium sulfate, kaolin, ferric ammoniumferrocyamide, magnesium carbonate, carmine, barium sulfate, mica,bismuth oxychloride, zinc stearate, manganese violet, chromium oxide,titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, zinc oxide, bariumoxide, ultramarine blue, bismuth citrate, hydroxyapatite, zirconiumsilicate, and carbon black particles.
 15. A peptide-based body surfacecoloring reagent according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the pigment-bindingpeptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:110, 111,112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125,126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, and
 134. 16. A triblockpeptide-based body surface coloring reagent according to claim 2 whereinthe spacer is selected from the group consisting of ethanolamine,ethylene glycol, polyethylene with a chain length of 6 carbon atoms,polyethylene glycol with 3 to 6 repeating units, phenoxyethanol,propanolamide, butylene glycol, butyleneglycolamide, propyl phenylchains, ethyl alkyl chains, propyl alkyl chains, hexyl alkyl chains,steryl alkyl chains, cetyl alkyl chains, and palmitoyl alkyl chains. 17.A triblock peptide-based body surface coloring reagent according toclaim 2 wherein the spacer is a peptide comprising from 1 to about 50amino acids.
 18. A triblock peptide-based body surface coloring reagentaccording to claim 17 wherein the spacer comprises amino acids selectedfrom the group consisting of proline, lysine, glycine, alanine, serine,and mixtures thereof.
 19. A triblock peptide-based body surface coloringreagent according to claim 17 wherein the spacer comprises peptidesequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:65, 135, 136,and
 137. 20. A peptide-based body surface coloring reagent according toclaim 1 or 2 wherein the peptide-based body surface coloring reagent isfrom about 14 to about 200 amino acids.
 21. A triblock peptide-basedbody surface coloring reagent according to claim 2 wherein the triblockpeptide-based body coloring reagent has an amino acid sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143,144, 145, 146, and
 147. 22. A peptide-based body surface coloringreagent according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the body surface-bindingpeptide is isolated by a process comprising the steps of: (i) providinga library of combinatorially generated phage-peptides; (ii) contactingthe library of (i) with a body surface to form a reaction solutioncomprising: (A) phage-peptide-body surface complex; (B) unbound bodysurface, and (C) uncomplexed peptides; (iii) isolating thephage-peptide-body surface complex of (ii); (iv) eluting the weaklybound peptides from the isolated peptide complex of (iii); (v)identifying the remaining bound phage-peptides either by using thepolymerase chain reaction directly with the phage-peptide-body surfacecomplex remaining after step (iv), or by infecting bacterial host cellsdirectly with the phage-peptide-body surface complex remaining afterstep (iv), growing the infected cells in a suitable growth medium, andisolating and identifying the phage-peptides from the grown cells.
 23. Apeptide-based body surface coloring reagent according to claim 22wherein the body surface is selected from the group consisting of,nails, teeth, gums, skin, and tissues of the oral cavity.
 24. A personalcare composition comprising an effective amount of the peptide-basedbody surface coloring reagent of claim 1 or 2, comprising a body surfacebinding peptide and a pigment binding peptide.
 25. A personal carecomposition according to claim 24 wherein; a) the body surface bindingpeptide has affinity for a body surface selected from the groupconsisting of, nails, teeth, gums, skin, and tissues of the oral cavity;and b) the body surface binding peptide is from about 7 to about 25amino acids and has a binding affinity for a body surface, measured asMB₅₀, equal to or less than 10⁻⁵M.
 26. A method for coloring a bodysurface comprising: a) providing a pigment; b) providing a compositioncomprising a peptide-based body surface coloring reagent according toclaim 1 or 2 wherein the body surface binding peptide has affinity forthe body surface and the pigment binding peptide has affinity for thepigment; and c) applying the pigment of (a) with the composition of (b)to a body surface for a time sufficient for the peptide-based bodysurface coloring reagent to bind to the pigment and the body surface.27. A method according to claim 26 wherein the body surface is selectedfrom the group consisting of, nails, teeth, gums, skin, and tissues ofthe oral cavity.
 28. A method according to claim 26 wherein the pigmentand the composition comprising a peptide-based body surface coloringreagent are applied to the body surface concomitantly.
 29. A methodaccording to claim 26 wherein the pigment is applied to the body surfaceprior to the application of the composition comprising a peptide-basedbody surface coloring reagent.
 30. A method according to claim 26wherein the composition comprising a peptide based-body surface coloringreagent is applied to the body surface prior to the application of thepigment.
 31. A method according to claim 26 further comprising the stepof: d) applying a composition comprising a polymeric sealant to the bodysurface subsequent to the applying of the pigment and the compositioncomprising a peptide-based body surface coloring reagent.
 32. A methodaccording to claim 31 wherein the polymeric sealant is selected from thegroup consisting of poly(allylamine), acrylates, acrylate copolymers,polyurethanes, carbomers, methicones, amodimethicones, polyethyleneneglycol, beeswax, and siloxanes.